A/V Geeks 16mm Lunch 12-30-2025

Hello everybody. This is Skip Alzheimer. Welcome to the AV Geeks Lunchtime streaming show where we watch old 16 millimeter films. And yeah, um the uh scanner is still not working in a way that I want it to. And So, we will just keep plugging at it until it works and it will be a wonderful day when it does work. But in the meantime, we have been scanning on our other scanner, the laser graphics. And so, we have um some stuff for us to watch nonetheless. We're going to start off with um I don't know if some of you remember earlier in this year uh I had Owen Gotleb who was a film professor at Rochester University. Uh, and we had John Alman who was a a filmmaker who made films for the agency for instructional television. Uh, and um, there were different series talked about and I primarily showed Inside Outl, but there's other ones. um, Self- Incorporated, uh, Tradeoffs, which we've been showing some of, but, uh, Owen clued me on to a, uh, eBay sale where someone was selling four, uh, episodes of a series called Bread and Butterflies, um, which I didn't have any copies of, I don't think, and so I the price was right and I bought them. And so, uh, we've got those scanned and so we'll watch Treasure Hunt today. The quality of the color is not so great. So, um, sorry about that, but here's treasure hunt. Enjoy. Heat. Heat. Isn't this neat? >> Yeah. Why don't we get a ride? >> Are you kidding? Everything's 50 cents and over. We We'd need more money to have fun. Listen, we could find a way to get some money. Look at all of it. It looks so fun. How much do you think we'd need? >> Could get a lot of money if we really try. We need about eight bucks a piece and the carnival closes Sunday. >> Yeah. And this is Friday. Friday afternoon. How could we ever get any money by Sunday? >> I told you. We find a way that somebody will pay us for doing something. >> I don't know how to do anything and someone will pay me for it. Don't either of you have any money? I've got this, but I'm not spending it on you two guys. >> Oh, come on. >> Come on, Ernie. We can at least get something to eat. We'll >> play a game. Maybe win a prize. Come on, Ernie. We'll pay you back later. >> I told you I'm not spending this money. This is just part of the money I'm coming back here with on Sunday. You guys are going to have to get your own. >> You'll just come back here on Sunday and spend it by yourself. >> Or you keep talking like that, we won't get any money. >> Let's look around the fair. Maybe we'll find something to do. >> Okay. Come on. >> It's a prize every time. Come on. Pick up a lucky duck. >> Do you have any money? Well, it's only a quarter. You can't lose in here, folks. Don't play the next prize. >> Come in. Win one. Find your numbers to get one. Come here. Get one. Win your number. >> Hot pizza. You like nice pizza? What about you, ma'am? Catch the winner right here. Quarter 25. Your choice when you win. How about it? Kids win your birthday. Here, win one for a quarter. 25. Your choice when you win. We're going to start the new game right away. All right. >> So, all these people are grown-ups. >> I don't know how to do anything that anyone will pay me for. Well, I'm going to think of something about this money. >> Let's meet back here Sunday at about 5. That give us about 2 days to make about eight bucks. Yeah. And Friday's almost gone. >> So, let's just try. At least we can make some money. Oh, you smell so good. Oh, you look so wonderful. It was worth $10, wasn't it, to have you wash? I could never make you look this nice in our apartment. That's it. That's what I can do. I can wash dogs. $10 to wash a dog. If it costs less than a dollar to buy dog shampoo, I can make cash money washing dogs. But if it doesn't work, I lose the dollar. It's just got to work. >> Hi, Monica. >> Nobody needs a babysitter tomorrow. >> So >> So I need to get some money for the carnival. I wish I was as good as artist as you. Then I could make things and sell them. >> And you do what with the money? Well, Bill, Ernie, and I all wanted to go to the carnival, but we don't have any money. So, we decided to earn the money. They're going to get to go, and I'm not. >> I don't have anything to do. >> Oh, come on, Monica. You're good at a lot of things. >> Not as good as you. You can paint and draw and get money for it. >> Well, maybe you can't draw so well, but there's lots of art things that you could learn. Well, but look at this. That was printed from things right out of the kitchen. And you could learn to do that. >> Well, maybe I could. This is pretty. What was it printed with? A lemon? >> No, that one was done with a potato. But you can print with anything that's interesting. I tell you what, why don't you get the paper and the ink and the stuff you need and we'll make some tomorrow and we can go down and sell them on Sunday. >> Where will we sell them? >> Well, the same place I sell my things. At the open market on Wisconsin Avenue. >> Uh-oh. I don't have any money to buy the ink and paper with. >> Gee, that's tough. Well, I guess you can't do it. >> Unless you gave me some. >> I suppose I could loan you $2 or $3. Well, let's say I'll loan you $ 250 and you'll pay me 50 cents interest. And I want it before you go to the carnival. >> That's not fair. >> That's business. >> That's not fair. >> Well, that's the deal. Take it or leave it. >> That's not fair. But I'll take it. >> Yes. >> Hello. I'm earning money by washing dogs. Can I wash your dog? >> Wash my dog? No. >> It'll be a great service. >> No. >> Flush dog. What a dumb idea. [laughter] Let's get paid to wash dog. A lot of people. What are you doing to get money? Oh, I don't know. Maybe run some people. Yeah, it might work. Where? Oh, I don't know. The market on Club Street, baby. >> Yeah. Well, you better get started cuz I'm going to have my eight bucks by tonight. You ain't got nothing yet. Oh, yeah. Well, watch this. Yeah, >> I'm a professional dog wash and I want to know if I can wash and brush your dog for just $2. >> That's very nice. >> Well, can I do it? >> Uh, no. I'm afraid. >> Well, what's wrong? I got some great shampoo and a great brush and a big old tub to wash them in. I see. >> That's wonderful. But, uh, >> why can't I do it? >> Uh, well, I have a problem. >> Well, what's the problem? I got some great shampoo, >> but I don't have a dog. I knew it. I told you so. I told you so. Yeah. >> Uh uh. Do you have a doll? >> I can't hear you. >> I'll carry your gussies. All I own just for a dollar. >> Well, I only live a block from here. How about 50 cents? >> Fine. >> Okay. >> Listen, you guys, that was really stupid. What we should do is um stand in the line and do it in order. And I want to be first. [music] [music] >> Hey, you wouldn't want me to cure this groceries for you, would you? >> No. No. >> Okay. Getting back. >> What? >> Getting back. One chance and you had it. Getting back. I'll never make it bucks. I bet early. Making it easy. [music] >> [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] >> Mister, you really look great. It's worth about $20, but I'm only getting two. Those other guys probably have eight bucks by now. >> Boy, Mr. really looks great. You did a fine job, and it only took you 3 hours. >> It did take me longer than I had expected. >> You know, it cost $10 at the pet bottle to get him washed and dried. >> Well, Here's $3. I think you did a fine job. >> Thanks. >> What are you going to do with the money? >> I'm going to the carnival Sunday evening. >> That sounds great. >> And if I have a little extra, I might just save it. >> That's a good idea. [music] [crying] [music] 75. [music] [music] >> Thank you very much. [music] [music] >> [music] [music] >> What do you do? [music] >> [music] [music] [music] >> Oh, hi, Bill. Look at all the cards I sold. I have lots of money. I can't wait to spend it at the carnival. You know, I spent all night doing this. This was made with a carrot. I can't wait to go to the carnival tonight and spend all our money. Do you like them? >> I'm going to buy these fruit things. >> I want four. >> Well, to send the people, I guess. Well, at least I'll have enough money to go to the carnival. >> Well, so will I. >> How much did you make and how did you make it? >> None of your business. >> Oh, come on. Tell me. Did you make a dollars? >> Almost. Anyway, if you can make it, so can I. Well, you better hurry. It's 3:00 now. That only leaves you 2 hours. Come on, show me how much you have. >> Oh, why should I? You think you're so great? I'll be there at the carnival. I'll have $8, too. >> Didn't he act strange? >> Do you think you really made any money? [music] >> Hey, Bill. I made $6 washing dogs. >> And I made $7 selling cards. >> You did? What kind of cards? >> You know the kind you give to people when you want to say thank you. >> Yeah. Want you to see some of the dogs that I watched. Some of this >> really well. I watched some money. >> It was really fun. You know, >> I got money, too. So, let's just >> Hey, where'd you get your money? >> Around. How'd you make it? >> I got it around. >> Why don't you tell us where you get it at? >> Come on, tell us how' you do. >> Never mind. Let's go see the carnival. >> What's the matter? Why don't you tell us where you got it at? >> Just around. Did you have fun doing it? >> Look at your tail. What's so secretive about it? >> Come on, tell us. Please. >> Look, I'm going to go see the carnival. If you guys don't want to come, you don't have to. >> Well, we had fun earning our money, so let's go spend it. >> Come on. >> [music] >> Supported by a consortium of 34 educational agencies. This program was produced by WNVT, Northern Virginia Educational Television, under the supervision of AIT, Agency for Instructional Television. >> All right. Yeah, I uh I like that arguing kids. I mean, that's what Inside Out is all about. It's about uh mostly kids navigating themselves. Um adults sometimes have something to do with it, but really it's mostly kids. Um being mad. Um so, uh yeah, big fan of that time period as well, 70s. Um because that's when I grew up. Okay, this next film is from Indiana University and it's about microorganisms. But wait, it's about the beneficial activities of microorganisms. So enjoy. [music] [music] >> [music] [bell] >> Most of us think of microorganisms and especially bacteria as responsible for disease. But we often fail to realize that these same bacteria are used to make preparations which combat disease. Some microorganisms cause the destruction of useful materials. But in compost, the same organisms are essential in the decomposition of dead plants and animals. Thus, returning to the soil the same elements taken from it. The growth of microorganisms on shoes and clothing is considered undesirable. But similar organisms are necessary in the processing and flavoring of cheese as well as in the production of valuable antibiotics like penicellin. In reality, only a small number of all microorganisms are harmful. A much greater number are beneficial or essential in our lives. How can these minute forms of life cause a large animal to become sick or make substances that are useful in destroying other microorganisms? How can they produce valuable chemicals or contribute to the production of foods or aid in the growth of healthy crops? Most microorganisms exist as single cells carrying on the same life processes as do other living things. As shown by this diagram, microorganisms secrete enzymes to obtain food and energy. These enzymes cause the breakdown of complex chemical substances in the environment. The resulting substances can now enter the cell as usable foods. As metabolism of the cell continues, waste products are given off into the environment. A large variety of chemical compounds results from such activities of microorganisms. Many of these waste products are useful and have a significant effect on man and other living things. The soil is the environment for many important activities of microorganisms. All plants require chemical elements. One of the most essential is nitrogen. Where nitrogen is plentiful in the soil, plants grow vigorously. While a deficiency of nitrogen results in poor growth in nature, nitrogen is continually undergoing a cycle of changes. Legumes such as clover and soybeans play an important role in maintaining this cycle. Close examination of the roots of these legumes reveals swellings called nodules. Within these nodules are found bacteria which convert atmospheric nitrogen to usable nitrogen compounds while living in symbiosis with the plant. Other bacteria which live freely in the soil are also capable of fixing free nitrogen. When animals consume plants for food, the plant protein is converted into animal protein. When living things die, their remains containing protein nitrogen return to the soil. Here they serve as food sources for the small animals always present in soil and for such plants as the fungi and other microorganisms. Eventually this decomposition of protein releases nitrogen in the form of ammonia. Nitrifying bacteria in the soil convert ammonia to nitrates. These nitrates can now be used by all plants to build their proteins. In water log soils, certain bacteria change nitrates to atmospheric nitrogen, thus completing the cycle. To review the nitrogen cycle, atmospheric nitrogen is made available to plants by the action of nitrogen fixing bacteria, some of which grow in the nodules of legumes. The nitrogen is now changed to plant protein. In turn, when animals utilize plants as food, animal protein is built from the nitrogen in plant protein. The breakdown of wastes or of dead plants and animals by various microorganisms returns nitrogen to the soil in the form of ammonia. The ammonia is converted by nitrifying bacteria to usable nitrates in which form nitrogen is available for all plants. The dnitrifying bacteria return nitrogen to the atmosphere. and the cycle of nitrogen continues. Man's knowledge of the actions of bacteria in decomposition permits him to use these organisms in the disposal of his own waste products. In one sewage treatment process, the wastes flow to large holding tanks. When a sufficient quantity of solids has accumulated at the bottom of the tank, it is pumped to large airtight digestion tanks where bacteria normally present bring about decomposition of the complex materials. The liquid portion of the sewage flows to filter beds where it is sprayed and permitted to trickle through layers of gravel and sand. This aeration aids the bacteria that are active in the final decomposition of sewage. As we have seen, certain soil bacteria are necessary in the natural cycles of elements. Other soil bacteria have important properties that are also useful to man. Frequently, when a variety of soil microorganisms is grown on nutrient materials, some colonies can be seen to inhibit the growth of others. Clear zones around such colonies indicate the production of an antibiotic that prevents the growth of other microorganisms. Pure cultures of the organisms producing the antibiotics may be grown in tubes and then in flasks. Agitation mixes in air to encourage growth of the microorganisms. For industrial production, the antibiotic producing organisms are grown in airrated tanks of enormous capacity. The period of active growth in the large tanks may require several days for maximum yield. Then the antibiotic is separated, purified and carefully packaged. These invaluable products of microorganisms have been responsible for saving millions of human lives. Moreover, some antibiotics added to the feed of young animals promote more rapid growth. The larger pig was raised on feed containing an antibiotic. The other from the same litter was not. Many important organic chemicals are also produced by microorganisms. In the laboratory, various organisms are transferred to suitable food materials and tested to determine the chemical byproducts released during their growth. These chemicals are separated by small-scale laboratory extraction using the same microorganisms and similar methods. Large industrial concerns produce huge quantities of these valuable chemicals. The chemicals resulting from the actions of many different microorganisms find wide use in industry, the science laboratory, the hospital, and the home. Other beneficial actions of microorganisms are necessary in the dairy industry. When fresh milk is compared with sour curdled milk and examined microscopically, only a few bacteria are seen in the fresh milk. The large number of bacteria in the other sample has caused the souring of the milk by the production of acid. These acid producing bacteria can be controlled and their activities utilized. When milk in which a large quantity of these bacteria has been grown is added to a vat of fresh milk, the bacteria are allowed to grow until a kurd forms. This kurd is cut and separated from the liquid called whi. The kurd is then used for cottage and other cheese. Buttermilk also results from the action of these bacteria. The flavor and aroma of butter depend upon other bacteria. The characteristic flavor and texture of Swiss and other types of cheese likewise are due to the specific microorganisms used in their manufacturer. Still other microorganisms bring about the fermentation of sugar containing materials. Fruit juices normally contain many yeast and bacteria. The yeast may ferment the sugar in the juice to produce alcohol and the gas carbon dioxide. The bacteria present then convert the alcohol into an acid, acetic acid. The juice is now called vinegar. Certain food products, pickles, olives, sauerkraut, result from the action of other acid producing bacteria. In farm silos, these same bacteria act on freshly cut grass and other plant materials to produce the silage used to feed livestock during the winter. The carbon dioxide produced by yeast has many uses. If yeast are added to a nutrient sugar solution in a fermentation tube, then through time-lapse photography, the production of carbon dioxide by the yeast can be observed. The formation of this gas in bread making is very important when yeast are used. During setting of the dough, the yeast produce gas expanding the warm dough causing it to rise. After baking, the light texture of the bread due to the gas is revealed. We have seen that microorganisms are beneficial or even indispensable in our daily lives. But their contributions do not end here. In research laboratories, the study of these minute forms of life continues to provide man with clues to the very nature of life itself. [music] >> [music] >> There's a little shout out to acetic acid uh vinegar of course uh which u a lot of acetate films succumb to uh when the acetate base breaks down makes acetic acid. So there you go. Uh just so you see uh we are actually scanning something on the uh Sentel we just can't broadcast it. Uh and this is 35 nitrate. So we have a client who uh had this and wanted to know what was on it. So that's what we're doing. We're scanning them. All right. Uh here's another telekinetics um production. um the dancing prophet. So there's there might be a mention of Jesus. Enjoy. [music] >> [music] >> After Jesus had come down from the mountain, large crowds followed him. [music] [music] When I was a teenager, I always felt like a lion in a cage. [music] When Douglas was a very small boy with the three, he was the third. And my hopes with him were he was to be a minister following in the footstep as his father. They were talking uh one day about u curless being a lawyer and Douglas uh minister and Howard a doctor and um they went on like that until uh one evening they were all lying on the floor and um >> and the radio was playing his jazz music and he began to snap his fingers and he yelled to me says dad said dad I'm not going to be any minister Yeah. >> Well, I never didn't make you do anything that you actually didn't want to do. >> Since when? >> Uh, but the things that I thought would be development of your mind was >> what you thought with the things of the past with true experience. You can develop your personal life. >> I can't develop my personal life on your experience. I don't want to live your life. I want to live my life. >> It was very uh difficult for me to think about the ministry because my mind was set to do something else. And then I started to act and uh sing a bit. When you're in the theater, you're giving yourself. I think perhaps I wanted to do this in real life and I never could. And then I decided, well, maybe Cincinnati is not the place for you. >> If he's going, he won't go on my money. >> I think uh uh any child has to live his own future. Well, first of all, I went to New York to try out for the Sydney Portier Actors Award. Uh, and I came three days too late and I was sent to a woman by the name of Seilla Fort who is a dance instructor who has a dance school in New York and she gave me a three-year scholarship and uh sort of helped me because I couldn't dance. I was like a bull in a china club. It was funny. I felt love when I danced. After Savilla fought a decision to leave America for Copenhagen, Denmark to assist another American with the jazz ballet school. And Doug Crutchfield, American dancer, came face to face with Doug Crutchfield, man. A man whose vision is the dancing spirit of humanity. >> [music] >> Out of personal growth came a place to share the dream, a school of his own. >> In Copenhagen, 450 private students. Another 150 at the University of Lund in Sweden. and eight. And one two together and open front together and open together and open. >> Doug is a very good teacher, I think, because of his personality. He's a very very strong person and uh he's not too soft to people. He's always giving something to persons even he's teaching or he's dancing look no so opposite arm leg so he has my blessings now because I'm in harmony with what he is doing right now but I would be more in harmony with him if he come out openly and let the world know that this is not all of his. This is someone else's beside. >> Saying God means nothing. You can say God a thousand times a day and never have an effect. My work shows that I apparently know God. [music] [music] >> [music] >> Jesus stretched out his hand, touched him, and said, "Be [music] cured. [music] I can't give nothing that I don't have. I can't have nothing beautiful unless I get it from a higher power than me. [music] But Doug's dream is for everyone, >> especially for those afraid to dance. He gives freely of his time working with the elderly, and together they work quiet miracles. B see and cruise y'all cruise based me in school. Yeah. >> My day. [laughter] >> [music] [music] >> And going into Peter's house, [music] Jesus found Peter's mother-in-law in bed with fever. He touched her hand and the fever [music] left her. >> [music] [music] >> Hey y'all for heart. Can y'all come here to throw here? All right. Come. Sorry. Lift front D. That's it. >> Just get through the bend for God. >> You must have lifted and bend. Lift. Two more eagles bear free to scare all out behind the head. That's good. >> The old people get very much out of it because he is still not that sweet and soft to them as many people are. >> But he make them to believe they can do anything. >> Y >> there's only one thing that I do know. I believe in people. >> No matter what happens to me, I believe in people. >> Let's go here. Come see. Yeah. Frap. Good. Everything that one does is for himself. Everything that I do, it's because of my love. When I say myself, I'm getting personal satisfaction out of what I do. That's being honest. I know this when I go out and help a handicapped child, I forget myself. But when I say myself, it's still me. >> I I do feel when he speak of saying myself, I think he is being very narrow, very selfish. And then he is pointing directly to himself and not no one greater than he. >> When you touch somebody's hand, that's that's you touching someone's hand because you made the first step. No matter how great you are, you can only be as great as the smallest person to come. Come in. Come on. Near >> two tray. Up. Up. Up. >> Dancing comes easily for the young. >> But for children trapped in handicapped bodies, Doug helps to restore hope through the magic of movement. >> Up mid brisk. Up. Mid brisk. Sit. Up. Up. Come on. Up. Up. Y. Come on. S and Trey again. Nidina N to come on Trey and SL come Martin. Come to the mountain in T Martin kn. Oh up again. Come on up. Up up up up. Tina see Tina. See up title up in here. Come on. Come on. Come on. Come on. Come on. These people give me so much. When I work with the handicap, we're all handicapped. >> But how can we find out about living if we don't share that experience with each other? >> Strike into strike. Twitter. Yeah. Start right here. So trigger up to now strike. Strike the new strike. Strike the strike. Just have a bad upgrade. How do you balance? Huh? How do you balance? Take hand to cross. Take hand to cross. Just sit in the in. >> They give their life to them. They give their hopes to him feeling that he can reach their needs. now and no doubt some of them not even thinking in terms of a Christ or God but looking at Doug [music] feet a bad answer had a bad answer up here. Up here, brother. [music] Douglas dance in my presence. It was so sacred. It was so far reaching till tears ran from my eyes to the bottom of my cheek. I could see God in his hands. Yeah. as he unfolded in his muscles. [music] [music] God is all of that. When I say God is all of that, he is physical fitness. He is education. He is everything we need. >> [music] [music] [music] >> I don't want to be greater than. I want [music] to be a part of >> [music] >> Well, if nothing else, I don't think you would have seen that anywhere else. Like, uh, fascinating film and it's part of a series. It's meant to be uh uh provocative uh supposed to get uh Christians to kind of talk about Christianity and ministry and how that plays out. I mean certainly there are outdated terms as far as uh people with physical disabilities in this film but this is late 60s early 70s and the fact that they're even working with people um with disabilities uh even though it is dramatic to watch uh was you know kind of radical for the time. So um that's the the kudos I will give them. All right uh let's go to Brazil and Amazon. Amazon. Amazon. From its source in the Andes Mountains, the Sun River flows nearly 4,000 miles across the tropical lowland of South America to the Atlantic Ocean. This great river with its tributaries drains two-fifths of the continent and carries more water to the sea than any other river in the world. As it flows across Brazil, the Amazon varies in width from 1 mile to over a 100 miles near its mouth. In some places, there are islands in the Amazon which make it seem like a network of rivers spread through the dense tropical rainforest. The Amazon is the only way to reach the interior of the vast lowland across which it flows. In this region, there are no roads, for the rainforest is almost impenetrable. The weather in these lowlands near the equator is always hot and humid. Even in what we Brazilians call the dry season, rain falls nearly every day. In the rainy season from January until June, floods sometimes raise level of the river by as much as 50 ft. The combination of 10 rainfall makes plants grow rapidly, but much vegetation is washed away by heavy rains and flood. The rains also wash away the minerals in the top soil. Almost everywhere the top soil is thin and poor, suitable only for the trees and plants of the rainforest which have long roots that run deep into the earth. But most food crops whose roots are short cannot grow in the poor top soil. So in spite of its abundant vegetation, the Amazon lowland is sometimes called a green desert. People who live in this tropical forest region have to travel by water. Every family needs at least one canoe. By following the smaller streams, it is possible to go deep into the jungle. Because the forest is so dense, only a little sunlight comes through. Trees of many varieties grow closely together. Rosewood, which contains an oil used in making perfume, is identified by smelling its bark. Long ropelike vines hang from these tall trees. Scattered through the forests are Brazil nut trees. Brazil nuts are the most valuable crop exported from the Amazon lowland today. The nuts grow in heavy hard pods which fall when they are ripe. In the forest, there are many other kinds of nuts which yield valuable oils and waxes. Rubber trees are native to the Amazon Valley and once produced the most valuable export crop of the region. Although trees have been set out a few experimental plantations in an attempt to produce more rubber, wild trees provide nearly all the rubber that comes from the Amazon. The trees are not injured when the outer bark is cut with care. A milky sap called latex drains into the cups hung on the trees. At a shelter in the forest, each day's harvest of latex is treated and processed over a fire of palm nuts. A ball of crude rubber may weigh more than 100 pounds. The people of the Amazon have long known how to make their own rubber shoes. They have wooden forms of different sizes to match the feet of each member of the family. Over these forms, layers of latex are poured. After the latex has been smoked, the new rubber shoes must be exposed in the open air for several days. The crops in the Amazon lowlands are not well cultivated. Since the land is only roughly cleared before planting, a field can seldom be cultivated for more than 2 years before it is again covered with jungle growth. The thin soil is never fertilized and at best the harvests are small. Joot is a cash crop. The jude seeds are sewn with a hand planter. The crop grows quickly and will be ready for harvest in about 3 months. A most important food crop of the Amazon Valley is the manok or cassava plant. Mano can be planted at any season and requires at least a year to grow to maturity. Cacao trees grow wild as well as on plantations. Some of this crop is used by our own people in Brazil, but much of it is sent abroad to chocolate factories. Only the Amazon makes it possible for the people who live in the forest region to exchange what they grow and gather for the necessities that come from other parts of the world. Not only is the river a highway to the Atlantic Ocean, but it is also the only way to travel between the scattered settlements and market towns. The small launches which carry passengers and light cargo also tow lines of canoes. Rather than paddle upstream for many hours, the boatman pay a small fee for this convenience. Passengers who ride the canoe train prepare their own meals. Great numbers of monkeys live in the Amazon jungle. These small animals make good pets. Because our climate is hot and damp, we find that we can work better if we take a short rest after each meal. the canoes have shelters for protection against the heavy rain that comes at almost the same hour every afternoon. Almost all the people of the Amazon Valley build their homes within sight of the river. The houses are often raised on post so that they won't be washed away when the river rises in the season. Many Brazilians are descended from South American Indians. Others have ancestors who came from Portugal or other parts of Europe as well as from Africa. Near where one of the Amazon's tributaries joins the great river is a small settlement of a few farms which faces a channel between two islands. In this settlement lives the Amarodas family. Every day, leaves which have blown from the nearby forest are swept from the yard. Manuela Marudas was born in this house. He lives here now with his wife, two sons, and eight daughters. The floor of the house is made of earth. There are no beds. Everyone sleeps in hammocks, which are cooler and can be rolled and hung on the wall during the daytime. The boardwalks between the different parts of the house are raised because the yard is often flooded during the rainy season. The family's meals are prepared in a cookhouse in the yard. The stove is made of a few stones and bits of iron. Early in the morning, while Senora Amaru Diaz is making coffee, her two sons return from an allnight fishing trip. The catch is kept fresh with wet river reads, for even the nights are hot. The best fish of this region are called Amazon cod. These large fish are not found in the lower Amazon and large quantities are salted and shipped downstream by families like the Amarodas. One of the boys carries part of the catch home while his brother takes the rest to a neighbor. As soon as the fish are brought home, they must be cleaned and either cooked or salted at once. In this hot, damp climate, fish and meat spoil quickly. The Amaruas family raises its own beef. A small herd of cattle provides milk as well as meat. Occasionally, there is meat enough to sell. In the rainy season, the cattle will be fed across the river to graze on higher land above the flooded fields. Household utensils are made out of the fruit of tropical plants. When the fruit is hollowed out and the shell dried, the gourds are used for carrying water. Most families along the Amazon use the water from the river for drinking and cooking. The women regularly make up a fresh supply of manuk meal which they use instead of flour. First the coarse roots must be peeled. Then after they are shredded the mass is kneaded in a trough made from the trunk of a hollow tree. Water is added to help extract the tapioca which manuk roots contain. About half of the mass in the trough is freshly shredded while the other half has been allowed to ferment for a week. The mixture is then packed into a tube made by braiding the tough fibers of jungle vines. The braided tube is stretched to squeeze out the poisonous juices. When this liquid is purified, it will yield additional tapioca. The meal made from the root itself has greater food value than the tapioca. To dry and roast a week's supply of manok meal takes many hours over a wood fire. When the meal has been thoroughly roasted, it is ready to be eaten. Mixed with rice or beans, manuk meal is as important to the family as bread or potatoes are to people in other countries. Our Amazon people use many of the plants and trees that grow near their homes in the jungle. From joot and from the fibers of forest vines, they make their fishing nets, but they also use some things brought in from the outside world. One finds sewing machines in even the most remote settlements. From cotton cloth bought at a trading post, the women make their own dresses. They use a hollow iron filled with burning charcoal to press their clothing. An important article of commerce along the river and a source of income for many of the Amazon families is firewood. Wood is the only fuel in general use throughout the tropical lowlands of Brazil. Every trading post along the river has large stockpiles of wood which are used by the steamboats for the Amaro Dias boys deliver their logs to the trading post every week. Occasionally oceangoing freigherss come up the Amazon, but most of the traffic is made up of river steamers which operate on irregular schedules. They make stops wherever they have goods to deliver, cargo to pick up, or when they need fuel. Much of the cargo of the boats going upstream consists of flour, salt, cotton, cloth, guns, ammunition, and other things which are not produced in the Amazon basin itself. From the trading posts, the steamers collect salted fish, alligator skins, Brazil nuts, rubber, and other products of the tropical rainforest. and the few scattered farms of the region. Wood must be loaded every few hours, rain or shine. A medium-sized steamer burns 10,000 logs and a large one as many as 25,000 logs a day. A thousand miles up the Amazon near the junction with one of its tributaries is the city of Manau, a principal shipping port for the whole vast region. Many oceangoing vessels come to Manau. The city can only be reached by river. No roads lead away from Manau in any direction. The city was a frontier trading post until a little more than 50 years ago when the sudden demand for rubber brought great prosperity to the region. Profits from rubber soon made the frontier village into a busy attractive city. Then in less than 25 years, the prosperity of Manau died away because rubber grown on plantations in Malaya and the Dutch East Indies could be produced more cheaply than wild rubber from the Amazon jungles. In spite of this, Manau is still a busy port. It is the center of an enormous region, the place where the products of the Amazon basin are collected and [music] shipped away in exchange for the products of other lands. In addition to balls of rubber, tropical woods, nuts, jute, and cacao are exported as well as less familiar forest products such as the fiber of jungle vines used for making rope and brooms. Overhead cables carry freight to and from the ships which are mored to floating docks in the river. Stationary peers [music] cannot be used because the level of the river rises and falls nearly 50 ft between the dry and the wet seasons. Below Manouse, the Amazon, growing wider all the time, flows almost a thousand miles to the Atlantic Ocean. The people live along the banks of this great South American river, face many hardships. Their soil is poor. There are many difficulties in transportation, and the climate is unhealthy throughout the vast tropical lowland of northern Brazil. Yeah, there you go. So, we've watched a couple of uh in that series uh Earth and its people. Um and um there's plenty more to come. I think u really kind of fascinating looks at these different cultures specifically from that time period which is uh late 40s. Um so all of this has changed and certainly there is a western filter on this. So, um, you know, some of the things they say are like culturally they don't understand [laughter] and it's clear. But, uh, anyways, yeah, today was a mixed bag of stuff. Hopefully, uh, there was something that you watched that you enjoyed or at least were fascinated by. And so, thank you so much for watching us. We will be back tomorrow. If you liked what you saw, as always, hit the thumbs up, hit the like button, subscribe. You know, that's what you do with the social media. Uh you can also donate via the super thanks button. Uh or via Patreon, via ko-fi.com, or Venmo. You can just send me money via Venmo. How about that? And just send it to me personally, and I will spend it on rubber bands. But believe it or not, we need a lot of twist ties. So maybe I'll spend it on twist ties. We have a lot of cables that need to be tied [snorts] up. So, um, that's what we're dealing with. Um, anyways, thanks for watching and we'll see you tomorrow, everybody. Take care. Spine.