AV Geeks 16mm Lunch 6-4-2026

Mhm. >> This message brought to you by Mead Johnson Nutritional Division, the makers of Enfamil and ProSobee. Because we care about what you eat and how you feel. >> [music] [singing] >> Oh, hi. We were just going to have a snack. Whoa, wait a minute. What have you got there? >> A candy bar. >> I tell you what, Steve. >> What? >> I'll trade you this apple for that candy bar. >> No way. I want that candy bar. >> All right. >> Yeah. >> Okay. What do you want to be when you grow up? >> Mhm, a baseball player. >> A baseball player, huh? Well, you'll have to be really strong and healthy to be a good player, don't you think? Mhm, that's right. You do. And this apple is a lot better for you than that. So, what's it going to be, Steve? >> Mhm. The apple. >> [music] >> Eating right doesn't mean you can't snack. It just means being a smart snacker. Picking foods that are nutritious, with plenty of vitamins and minerals and fiber, like apples, instead of ones with lots of sugar and fat, which can mean, mhm, lots of calories. >> [music] >> And you know that sweet, sticky snacks can cause cavities. Another reason to snack smart. [music] I know it may sound complicated, but it's really easy as A B C. >> A B C, 1 2 3. Ooh, after school I get a feeling in my middle. Feels kind of empty and it growls just a little. It's my tummy talking [music] cuz it wants a little nibble. I need a nibble for my empty hungry middle. Knick knack pickle pack. Tick tack pickle pack. I'm having a snack attack. Time, donuts, brownies, and candy. Not for you. Not for me. And cookies and cake and lollipops, bubble gums, sweet rolls, and soda pops. No, no. When it comes to snacks there are good ones. Just cuz they're good for you don't think they're not [music] fun. Good snacks are smart snacks so why not try some smart ones? [music] Yum yum are good for my tum tum. Popcorn, bananas, and celery. Good for you. Good for me. Orange juice and tomato juice have vitamin C. Carrots and peas are low in calories. And raisins and nuts are high in energy. When it comes to snacks there are good ones. Just cuz they're good for you don't mean they aren't fun. I'm a smart snack girl. Snacks are the best. I snack smart when I get a snack attack. >> [laughter] >> Hey everybody gather around. Come on around. Going to show you a thing or two. I'm going to teach you about snacking. That's what I'm going to do. There once was a young guy named Pete who wanted an afternoon treat. Give me brownies said Pete or anything sweet. But sweet raisins make much better eats. Yeah. Why you've got a baby? goo. When baby gets hungry, boo hoo. She's depending on you for nutritious food. When you can't breastfeed, there's formula, too. >> Thank you. >> Now, we all know that we should eat better. So, let's follow these rules to the letter. Avoid sugars and fats and calories that might make you gain weight you'll regret her. >> Uh, that doesn't rhyme. >> Well, they can't all be good rhymes. Okay, people. Let me demonstrate a little slight of hand, or should I say light of hand? I'm going to make these nutrient weak foods disappear. Just like that. TA-DA! NOW, I'M GOING TO GIVE YOU PEOPLE all these nutrient rich foods, and I want you guys to make them disappear. Now, how you going to do that, huh? Very funny. >> Come on, go, go, go, go, go, go, go, go, go, go, go. Come on, Apple. Come on, APPLE. YEAH, YOU'RE RIGHT, APPLE. SMART SNACKS WIN every time, and you can be a winner, too. Just avoid foods [music] high in sugar and fat and low in nutritional value, like potato chips and candy bars, soda pop, caramel corn. And be careful not to add too much sugar and honey, butter and margarine to what you're eating. And teach your children and teenagers good snacking habits. There's nothing easier than keeping fresh fruits and vegetables, cheese and crackers around the house. Snacking [music] smart, exercising, it's all part of great. Now, if you'll excuse me, it's time to do my exercise. >> Going all right, feeling fine, cuz we're eating right all of the time. There's nothing to it, just got to do it. Eat good, feel good. >> [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] >> Hi Mom. [music] Hi Mike. >> [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] >> Dinner's ready. >> [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] >> I guess I'm not hungry. Why don't you try some of your chicken? I like it. You haven't even touched it. Have you been snacking again? Just a little. How many times have I talked to you about snacking? I just spent 2 hours making a meal being sure you have all the things you should and you spoil it with snacks. I I'm sorry. I didn't mean to spoil your meal. Snacks. >> [music] >> I mean, what difference does it make? >> [music] [music] >> To the unknowing eye, this 16-month-old youngster appears to be idling. But in fact, he is working at an experimental task, one facet of which depends very much upon what he does with his time. After allowing some more moments to pass, there is a strong likelihood that he will walk over to another side of the playpen, strike a plastic lever, and be reinforced with a favored food item. His present reluctance to strike the lever, as we shall soon see, stands in strong contrast to his former willingness to press the lever over and over again and with great speed. We shall examine the origins of both tendencies and demonstrate experimentally that his former willingness and his current reluctance to respond are but a few instances of the subtle ways in which schedules of reinforcement can come to exert a powerful influence over a young child's behavior. A playpen has been selected for our experimental environment because it is one to which the child is well acquainted. The unfamiliar additions include a food dispenser loaded with snacks and a plastic lever, which when pressed exposes a light, causes the dispenser motor to sound, and produces the snack reinforcer. Before the actual establishment of lever-pressing behavior, it is best to separately establish the function of the light and sound as stimuli which reliably signal an upcoming reinforcement. The child has already been trained to stand near the dispenser as individual snacks were dropped into the food tray, so that a number of activities dealing with the free exploration of the dispenser and whatever else is strange to the child have probably been positively reinforced. This encouragement, coupled with the familiarity of the surroundings in which it was given, will most likely forestall the occurrence of interfering emotional outbursts. However, since the light-sound combination has never been associated with food, any debilitating effects due to the sequence should first be determined. And if need be, any onset of emotional behavior should be allowed to adapt by repeating these pairings a number of times. Throughout this phase of training, the lever has been removed, but the relationship between the light, sound, and reinforcing stimulus is not altered. Dismounting the response mechanism allows us to concentrate upon one behavioral sequence at a time. During this phase of training, the target behavior that is sought is approaching the dispenser shortly after the onset of the light-sound stimuli. No recurring group of activities immediately preceding the action of the light and sound is singled out for reinforcement in order to avoid the building in of an unwanted form of behavior, which later may be found to compete with the lever pressing, and which would greatly slow down its rate of acquisition. It is wise to proceed with caution, since inadvertently reinforced behaviors created during this phase of training cannot always be easily and efficiently eliminated later on. Of the two stimuli signifying that reinforcement is on its way, it is the sound that is the most practical to utilize, inasmuch as it does not require the satisfaction of any special postural or orientational behaviors on the part of the child. Nevertheless, the light, although employed here primarily for purposes of visual illustration, can also be expected to gain control over performances which involve approaching the dispenser. Many techniques are available to induce the first lever press. An adult could depress the lever and hope that similar action is imitated by the child. Or this act could be shaped by reinforcing responses that successfully approximate lever pressing. Another possibility is to let the child himself discover the reinforcement contingency quite by accidental means as he does here. That the child goes to the food dispenser after the onset of the light sound stimuli indicates the relevance of the previous training procedure. Now that the child is acquainted with his surroundings and a few lever presses have been reinforced, we can anticipate dramatic changes in the acquisition process. An increasing percentage of time will be devoted to behaviors which quickly produce the snack rewards. And as a result, consummatory behaviors will also rank high on the list of activities in which the child engages. Because of the special programming arrangement, not every lever press will activate the dispenser. Only those responses which follow each other by a delay of 1 second or more will result in the delivery of the reinforcement. This temporal requirement that successive responses be briefly spaced from one another is imposed in order to eliminate lever presses which persist following a reinforcement. It is hoped that post-reinforcement responding will eventually give way to a chain of substitute activities which deal with getting the snack out of the food tray, eating it, and finally returning to the business of obtaining another snack. Although it may rightly be claimed that the child is not getting his money's worth, it is easy to understand that had each post reinforcement response been continuously rewarded, the very large number of snacks which would quickly accumulate would strengthen an unwanted behavioral pattern, namely, a long response run succeeded by one long and pleasant eating period, and naturally, a strong reluctance to return to lever pressing. As responding becomes more economical, we can intensify the frequency of lever pressing by dispensing snack reinforcements only after a certain fixed number of responses have been emitted. Appropriately enough, this programming procedure, whereby a predetermined response quota guarantees reinforcement, is called the fixed ratio schedule. We will readily recognize the properties of fixed ratio schedules in many performances which are paid off on a piece rate basis. The faster one works, the more one may earn. The size of the ratio of responses to reinforcement may be set to any value, but if we wish to promote smooth and sustained performance by fixed ratio schedules, it is best to keep the quota low in the beginning and to gradually raise the stakes. Behavior under the control of fixed ratio schedules occurs in an all-or-none manner. Once responding starts, it is maintained at a high and uniform rate, with an absence of responding usually seen at a time following receipt of reinforcement. Reinforcements can also be given following a range of ratio values which, as shown in the next few sequences, will vary from 3 to 32 responses, and will have as an average ratio for reinforcements a value of 20 responses. Under this arrangement, known as the variable ratio schedule, reinforcements are still determined by the number of responses emitted. But, this number will change from one reinforcement presentation to the next. Thus, unlike extended fixed ratio training, the organism will be unable to discriminate the size of successive ratio values. The result of variable ratio training is a sustained flow of behavior emitted at a vigorous and steady clip. Now that we have built a repertoire of high-rate responding, suppose we ask the child to drastically change his style and greatly slow down the pace. This may be done by not reinforcing lever presses unless they are separated at an appropriate interval from each other. It will be recalled that this procedure was employed earlier to eliminate post-reinforcement responding. Then, as now, the child must wait a certain time before a response will be reinforced. Previously, the interval was meager, requiring only a 1-second wait. But, now the delay conditions are made much more severe. The child must refrain from responding for at least 12 seconds if he is to earn a reinforcement. The behavioral history of control by fixed ratio and variable ratio schedules makes the task that lies ahead exceedingly arduous and frustrating. Every time the lever is struck, a clock is reset and begins again to time out. If no further responses are made, the clock will automatically run its course unhampered and count down to 0 seconds. Then, a reinforcement is programmed, and the first response occurring anytime afterwards will activate the dispenser. Thus, the child is actually penalized for responding before the timeout period, since each lever press resets the clock and postpones reinforcement. The delivery of reinforcements in this situation is a joint function of two factors: an abstention of lever pressing for at least 12 seconds, and a single depression of the lever following that time interval. With continued exposure to the present contingencies, the length of successive periods of non-responding will get longer, thereby providing greater opportunity for reinforcements to be programmed. Right about now, 5 seconds have expired without a lever press. And if the child should pause for another 7 seconds more, the next response will bring a payoff. He got it. When the toddler is again placed in the experimental setting and reinforcements are scheduled as before, that is dependent upon the first lever press having an inter-response interval of 12 seconds, there is a return to the high rate of responding seen during the variable ratio regime and during the initial exposure to these new conditions. At this time, however, the child quits responding earlier, and some telltale signs that are occasionally associated with extinction make their appearance. >> To effectively mediate time under the present programming procedures, activities which are incompatible with lever pressing must be discovered and maintained. Turning away from the apparatus is an appropriate enough means of self-control, but even stronger evidence that some resistance to temptation is being established occurs when the child actually faces the dispenser and yet does not operate the lever. Although unbeknownst to him, sufficient time has already passed for a response to have been rewarded. Good adjustment to the temporal requirements that now prevail will call for a reduction in the frequency of responding. And indeed, it is for this very reason that the scheduling conditions utilized here have been described as the differential reinforcement of low rates or DRL schedule. Currently, the child overextends himself illustrating the first long interresponse interval. Until now, intervals marked by non-responding have mostly been of short duration with rarely more than 3 seconds elapsing between neighboring responses. However, should most of the interresponse intervals distribute themselves in the vicinity of 12 seconds, we would be provided with a very convincing proof of the young child's ability to precisely estimate the passage of time. With continued enforcement of the DRL schedule, two classes of behavior can readily be discerned and thoroughly analyzed. One dealing with the probability of the recorded response itself, and the other, a more general category which encompasses all other activities aside from lever pressing. It is difficult to specify ahead of time the exact form and frequency of these other behaviors. Since no contingency has been deliberately programmed to exert control over them. Nevertheless, it is possible for a highly ritualistic pattern of idiosyncratic behavior to emerge without forewarning. And completely dominate what is done during the DRL interval. All that may be necessary for these time-consuming antics to grow in strength is a chance occurrence between them and a reinforced lever press. It is much too early to gauge the success of these accidental pairings and the life of the superstitions they foster. But even if these overt behaviors fail to materialize, there are many sources of internal stimuli which can help modulate the passage of time during the DRL schedule. A number of attempts must be provided in order to overcome the interfering behavioral effects produced by prior schedule conditions. The high rates of responding, formerly the occasion for increased likelihood of obtaining a reinforcement under the fixed ratio and variable ratio procedures, must now give way to the opposite rule. Stop responding. For when you respond too fast, you are lessening your chances of getting a reward. The child moves to a corner of the playpen. The same corner in which we found him at the beginning of the film when we questioned why he behaved the way he did. Now, with an appreciation of his past history in this situation and with an understanding of what the present reinforcement contingencies entail, we hope that you are better able to answer that question. >> [music] [music] [music] [music] >> Chip lad, I I was wondering, how did our glorious family of potato [music] chips come to be? What lad, you don't know the tale of the potato chip? Listen to me boy. The potato chip was born in the Adirondack mountains >> [music] >> in 18 and 53. At Moon Lake House beside Lake Saratoga, was an Indian colleen with the name of Kate preparing a mulligan stew. And purely by accident now, herself dropped a piece of potato into some hot fat. She spooned it out and gave it to George Crum, the innkeeper. Ah Kate, tis a delight fit for the likes of St. Patrick himself. And over a hundred years later, human folk decided that they wanted something for parties and clan get-togethers to go with the new delight. So, the dips were invented. And since that time, chips and dips have become a party institution. And good together they are too. Now, here are a a delightful recipes we know that you would want to try. One of the easiest and yet most popular of all the chip and dip recipes is the onion dip. To prepare, we add one packet of dehydrated onion [music] soup mix to one package of sour cream. We mix this until the onion flavor is evenly blended through the cream. Be sure and refrigerate this or any other dip until you're ready to use it. One thing more, you'd better make a double recipe. >> [music] >> It seems to disappear almost as fast as the potato chips themselves. Here is a dip with plenty of flavor that goes well with any flavored chip. It's called, appropriately, the teaser. Mix a half cup of finely chopped bologna with 3/4 cup of chopped ripe olives. Add to this 3 Tbsp of chopped sour pickles. And 2 Tbsp of chopped pimentos. Now we add just enough mayonnaise to moisten. Mix this well and add a few drops of Tabasco sauce and grated cheese to taste. This teaser is a taste treat that will perk up any party or buffet. Here's a party dip for those with a taste for something totally different. A shrimp dip topped with bacon chips. In a blender, we have 10 large cooked shrimp. We're now going to add a quarter cup of mayonnaise. And for tang, three shakes of Tabasco sauce. And 1 tsp of grated onion or onion juice. Add salt and pepper to your own taste. Now we'll blend [music] these ingredients together and add just enough cream to achieve the right consistency. A potato chip or the shrimp never had it so good. Why don't you try one or all of these chip and dip recipes for your next party? >> Chip, everybody in the whole world loves the potato chips, right? >> Right you are, me lad. Well, then how in the world can human folk make potato chips out of a wee kettle for everybody in the whole wide universe? Now, where did you get that blarney? Human folk don't make them by the kettle anymore, but by what themselves call ultra-modern production methods. >> They don't say, no. >> I do. I do. Come on, me boy, and I'll show you. >> Mcushla, where are we? >> Ah, this This is where it all begins. The choicest potatoes in all the world are grown in fields like this. There is nothing but potatoes as far as the eye can see. I and these potatoes are grown exclusively for potato chips. These potatoes have what themselves call special cooking properties, which makes them the finest potatoes for crispy potato chips. But enough time here. Let's go see where the real hocus-pocus takes place. She's a grand big place, Chip. Glory [music] be, what's happening over there? >> That's the storage area, Dip. When the potatoes are brought in from the fields, they're placed in huge bins like these and stored until they're ready for use. Each one of these bins can hold over a thousand pounds of potatoes. >> Glory be, can you beat that? >> Over here, the potatoes are in their first stage of preparation. Each one is automatically washed and cleaned. This is the first of several washes it will [music] receive. >> The saints preserve us, there's a monster loss. >> Where? Where? >> There. >> No, that's that's no monster. That's the automatic peeler. It gently removes only the skins, retaining all the good vitamins and minerals that make potato chips a valuable food source. >> I see. >> And of course, the entire production is supervised by a razor sharp inspection team. >> What do they do? >> Well Dip, they look for and discard any potatoes that don't meet the high standards established by the Potato Chip Institute. That's why only the best potatoes go into making potato chips. >> Oh, glory be, can you beat that? >> And over there is the automatic slicer. Revolving blades turning at an incredibly fast speed slice each potato paper thin, so that they fry up golden brown. >> Look there Chip, they're being washed again. >> That's to take out the excess starch Dip. That way, they fry crisper, taste better, and are better for you, too. >> Look how sparkling clean everything is. >> Well, everything must be sanitary. When you're dealing with good food, there is no such thing as being too careful. Look over there. There are the potato slices going into the stainless steel cookers. >> [music] >> Under carefully controlled conditions, each chip is cooked in batch like these until it is at the peak of its flavor and crispness. Only the highest grade vegetable oils are used to ensure even cooking and complete digestibility. >> There are those inspectors again. >> Yes, except these inspectors are checking for any chip that might have been burned in cooking. Only the best chips are ever packed. >> Are you sure that human folk don't use leprechaun magic? >> No, only modern American know-how and production techniques. >> That's right, Chip. Techniques like these automatic packing and sealing machines make packaging easy and fast. The potato chips are automatically weighed, packed, and sealed completely by machines. Truly [music] a monument to American know-how. And how about the automatic [music] flavor dispensers, which create the new flavored chips? Regular chips are transformed into tempting flavored treats. Flavors like barbecue, green onion, and garlic. >> Me favorite flavor. I know, I know, but you're not the only one who likes them, lad. Everyone likes potato chips, and they do good by any meal or occasion. Look here. Here's a meal fit for an Irish king. Broiled steak with barbecue sauce, potato salad, relish tray, and baked beans with strips of bacon and topped with crushed barbecue chips. And look, plenty of onion flavored and regular chips on hand as well. Ah, but here is one that really fits me fancy. A grand buffet Southern fried chicken with potato [music] chip coating, tuna or cheese casserole with a savory potato chip crust. And look, rock Cornish hens with a garlic chip stuffing. Ah, how I love that. And of course, an ample supply of all the potato chip flavors with creamy dips to catch those appetites before the main course. I like those new flavor chips. Aye, but for myself, I still like the plain chip best. There's nothing like the company of an old and trusted friend. Twas delightful chip, but I didn't know that human folk were so resourceful. Aye, they can do almost anything a leprechaun can do if they put their minds to it. Chip, tis a shame that potato chips taste so good. Everything I like seems to do me ill. What? Are you dreaming, my lad? That may be true of other foods you eat, but not potato chips. You don't say, no. Aye, let me show you. A potato chip is pure energy. 93.3% pure energy. That means that potato chips have more food value than over 2,500 vegetable and vegetable products we normally eat. And chips were found to be better than 1,058 foods >> [music] >> out of a possible 1,100 tested. And besides being a quick source of energy, potato chips are easily digestible and help in digesting other foods. And potato chips are a natural source of salt for our bodies. And potato chips are the only cooked vegetable eaten without warming or having to open a can. I potato chips seem to be a good food for everyone. They are. And because potato chips are real food, many housewives use them in their everyday cooking. Look here. >> Here is a scrumptious entree to tantalize any man's appetite. Chip stuffing and spare ribs. We sauteed one chopped onion, and now we're going to add three cups of cubed [music] bread. To this, we can add 1 and 1/2 cup of crushed potato chips. >> [music] >> And 1 cup of finely chopped apple. The apple will give it a little [music] spice. Add a half cup of chopped celery. And we're ready to moisten with a [music] cup of milk. Mix this well, [music] and salt and pepper to suit your own taste. We have cut the spare ribs [music] into two matching sections. Spread the stuffing on one section and [music] top with the other. Bake in 350° oven for 2 [music] hours. Spare ribs, anyone? Here's a main dish [music] casserole that's quick to fix, but ah, so good. We've already combined sweet potatoes, eggs, [music] and butter. To this, we add 1/3 cup of milk, a teaspoon [music] of salt, and a dash of nutmeg. And of course, 1 cup of crushed chips. >> [music] >> Mix this well and spoon into a greased casserole and bake 25 minutes at 350°. When it [music] reaches your table, step back and watch your hungry gang dig in. Having a cookout? [music] Give charcoal-grilled chicken a go. After seasoning and cutting a broiler or frying chicken, we rub each part with lemon juice and dip them in an egg and milk mixture. Then roll each piece in crushed potato chips, pressing the chips firmly into each piece. When the coals are about ready, place the chicken on a folding wire and then onto the grill. Grill slowly for about 25 minutes, turning each piece so that it is fully exposed to the embers. Outdoor appetites won't last long >> [music] >> when you serve this treat. >> I saved a piece for me self. >> Aye, there's plenty more of that would be seeing that. You see, not only are chips good with food, but by themselves, they are good food. What do you think of that, lad? >> I was thinking, Chip, why are there so many new and different ways of using potato chips? >> Aye, there are many reasons for that, Pip. But one reason could be that there's a men's national cooking contest held every year, and hundreds of thousands of human folk from all over the country enter. Come on, let's look in on the finals. >> This is the Potato Chip Institute International Men's National Cooking Championship. Every year, men from every part of the United States congregate to try their hand at the culinary arts. However, all the contestants have to use potato chips as one of their basic ingredients. Sound difficult? Not at all. That's one of the reasons that this contest is held year after year. Through the contest, new and ingenious ways of using chips are found. The judges are leading dieticians and newspaper food editors from across the country. If there are any outstanding recipes that deserve special recognition, these women will find them. Many unusual recipes have come from these [music] annual contests. Recipes like this frosted chicken casserole. Potato chips were used to line the bottom of the casserole and as a crunchy topping. The filling for this treat contains cooked chicken, onion, mushroom soup, bean sprouts, cashew nuts, and halved pears. The sugar-coated grapes add just the right amount of color to give this festive dish eye appeal. Many recipes are born from sheer invention like this. Chip and chicken spaghetti loaf. Its moist and tantalizing flavor is due to a delicate blending of cooked spaghetti, American cheese, chicken, of course, mushroom soup, and one cup of crushed potato chips. This loaf deserves the judges AAA rating. Some of the past prize-winning recipes have taken on an ethnic flavor. Take this teriyaki chef's casserole as an example. This gourmet delight is as exotic as its name. It contains a meatball mixture of ground beef, minced onion, eggs, sugar, soy sauce, seasonings, and crushed potato chips. The sauce itself is a delicate balance of soy sauce, beef bouillon, water chestnuts, and topped with hand-crushed potato chips. It may have an oriental flavor, but it's as American as chips themselves. The variety and scope of the entrees has proven that potato chips are as useful in main dish cooking as they are as a snack. Here's an all-beef dinner that illustrates our point. Adam's apple beef rolls. 2 lbs of prime bottom round steak provide the base for this country dish. Add to that onion, celery, chopped apples, a light touch of sherry, and coarsely crushed potato chips. It's a man-sized meal with a hearty, robust flavor. These are just some of the dishes that won past recognition at the Potato Chip Institute's International Men's National Cooking Championship. Perhaps you have a recipe tucked away somewhere that uses potato chips. >> How would a mulligan stew be with potato chips? Your mulligan stew could use potato chip magic. It doesn't hurt to try. Aye, 'tis a pleasure to know that the potato chip can be used [music] in so many ways. >> Aye, lad. But, we'd better be after looking for new ways of using potato chips. >> Right you are. And we hope you'll use potato chips with your next meal. Till next we meet, ta-ta. >> For a full color book of prize-winning recipes starring potato chips, write recipes, Potato Chip Institute International, Hanna Building, Cleveland, Ohio, zip code 44115. >> [music] [music] >> Yeah. >> Mhm. >> Yeah. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm. >> Mhm.