A/V Geeks 16mm Lunch 1-15-2026

Hello everybody. This is Skip Alzheimer. Welcome to the AV Geeks Lunchtime streaming show. We are back in the archive today, not at the sleep in in Clintwood, Virginia. Um, so I'm happy to be back. We drove all day yesterday. It's five hours. Um, happy to be back. Uh, anyways, so today we got a bunch of films that were scanned while I was away. And so we're going to go ahead and watch the first film, which is a religious film. They scanned a lot of religious films while I was away. So I'm going to try to space them out so we don't get inundated with uh, religion. Uh, so this first one is Unforgiving DTOR and it's a period film. Enjoy. >> [music] >> greetings, good sir. For the quality of my baskets, can I vouch, since my daughter herself has woven them, >> what rise do you ask for this one, old man? >> For that I do that ask one shekele. No quality ever good would fall so extremely pious. >> Have courage, father. >> It is not for myself I grieve, but for you that you should know poverty. >> Father, Levi, come. Levi, there is anger in his face. I come for the money that you owe me. I trust it in a come vain. Alas, I have it not. My baskets have not sold today. Barely can I meet my expenses. Give me but a little longer, and I swear that I will pay you what I owe. Delay. Price. You have asked for a longer time. Until the setting of the sun shall you be allowed. And if by then the money is not paid, it shall be the worst for you and yours. It is useless so short of a spike. >> We're right to sell all the baskets. It would not meet the debt. >> My lord, I pray you have patience and we will pay you the whole of what we owe. Already we have saved a portion. My father is old and feeble and his filling weaving slacken. But I will work twice as hard to plant the basket. The whole night through one. >> Enough tired of words. I want the money. See you that I have failed to thunder. >> Are we expecting guests that you adorn yourself with jewels, my wife? Ah, today your brother called. He begged me to tell you that Ahaz, the merchant, will visit you afternoon. Az. >> The news disturbs you. We thought it was some business that would like to bring you more prosperity. >> I wound that it was so. He comes to reclaim the thousand tarant that I owe you. >> We are rich. >> I have not the way with all to pay. All my money is laid out. to call it in or to lose my profit before the mature. We must think of some plan to put him off. >> Shall I tell him you were called away? Truth will postpone the evil. We must find the shorter way. Stay. I have it. Come with me to the house. Stay pay heed of what I have to say. Misfortune has befallen us. Our money has been lost. We sit in poverty where where once we dwelt in comfort. Come take down the hangings and store away the furnishings. >> Hurry, hurry, for the time is short. >> Close the shutters and then get the gone. When he has come, [laughter] he will receive a most surprising welcome. >> My lord is clever. He thinks of everything. >> Dress in the poorest garment you can find. >> Surely no one can fail be moved by a spectacle so sad as this. >> No, anyone would pity us now. [laughter] He comes. Compose yourself. Your lips must droop. For sadness befits our present plight. Welcome, oh great and noble hair, to our humble dwelling. >> Why Levi, what is this? Where are the rare and costly furnishings which once adorned your room? How come you to be in so sorry a plight, my friend? >> Hard times have come upon me. The harvest is paying and many farmers whom I helped are unable to pay me what they owe. How can I press for payment when they are as beset as I am? >> My lord is gracious. But if it comes not to trouble him with tales of our sadness, >> nay, I would hear all there is to tell, but no man can see his friend in one. Take this small sum, nay, I insist, and repay me when you're able. >> I am not deserving of such kindness. >> As for the thousand talents you promised, I pray you forget the debt as I have. >> Oh, how noble is my heart. There is none to be found like him for the princely generosity of his heart. Farewell and may prosperity soon shine again upon this house. A thousand salons. What a gift. We shall be rich indeed. And you? Well, you shall buy me that little necklace I coveted yesterday. >> This woman voices carry. Ahaz may yet be within earshot. Truly my husband, no sher head than yours, >> but so small a gift and so much wealth as his. How mean the rich can be in giving. The hour of sunset approaches and we have sold but one basket today. What am I to say to Levi when he comes? >> Take courage, father. We can but tell him the truth and he must give us time. I am here as I said in the setting of the sun. Where is the money you owe me? I have not. The time is short visible wretch for this is a supper. To prison you go, I will wait no longer. >> Have pity for he's old and feeble. And what shall I do with no one to protect you? >> Your father should have thought of that before. There he neglected his just debt. >> Just debts. May God himself strike you for those false words. Already have I paid you twice the amount I borrowed. I will myself go to the elders and let them know the wrong you do. You would threaten me, duck as you are. You a buck could sell in the marketplace. Perhaps a piggy will call your heated blood. >> How do I get my money to a man so helpless? >> Out of the way, girl. Will you be beaten, too? Oh, most noble merchant, protect my father, for he is old and feeble and cannot tend the beating. >> Go to the help of the old man. >> Why leave? What is the meaning of this? When I saw you at your house, you were poorly planned. Why are you belaboring this old man who can have done you no wrong? Is he going to collect my debt, but he refuses to pay? I have paid him twice what I have borrowed, and now he threatens me with prison if I do not pay the amount in full once more. >> Levi, I showed you mercy and forgave you when I thought you were in need. Yours was a much greater debt, but you in your turn show no pity. Therefore, you shall be cast into prison until your debt to me is paid in full. >> [laughter] >> I beg of you have mercy. Send me not to prison to languish there. My wife, my business, what will become of them? Be merciful, I pray. >> You should have thought of that before you threaten this old man. Mercy is not for men like you who know not the meaning of the word. You shall have justice instead. [laughter] How can I thank thee, sir? Is there ought that I can do to show my gratitude? >> Lord, save this. Forgive thy brother man in every way. So shall the joy of forgiveness from God above be ever in thy heart. It's true. They did talk that way back in um biblical times. [laughter] Yeah. It's like combining, excuse me, the worst British drama uh and eloution and uh biblical stories. Um yeah, I get it. And but we have to watch it, right? It's part of of our collection. We have to put eyeballs on it. So, I'm sorry, but I'm not sorry. Uh we're just going to watch it. So, I get it. Not Not everything we watch is great. Uh I think this is about high school marching bands. Uh were you in a high school marching band? I was not, but all my friends were. So, um, this was I tried to show it on the scanner, but it just crapped out. A band on this scanner behind me. A band is Enjoy. >> A band is a parade. [music] >> Band is what you look forward to when your football team isn't doing so hot. [music] >> Something different to everybody. Band is a rewarding [music] experience. >> A band is a musical way of expressing feeling. [music] >> Band's a bunch of dudes who come around and really think they can play the horn. I'm going to give a concert trying to turn people on. Our band was like a family that revolves around music. [music] [music] Nancy Ben. Okay, kids. to go. >> I'm going one end and two end. Ready? Play. [music] [music] >> Okay, I think that you all are understanding this pretty well. >> A band is a fun way to learn music. You can see right away that this will double the time values. A quarter note is now going to get two. How about a dotted quarter? Who could tell me how many beats a dotted quarter would get? >> Three beats. >> Very good. Well, if you're playing a march or something that's supposed to go fast, then of course you'll think of it in two. One, two, ready. >> A band is my favorite sixth grade class. >> [music] [music] [music] [music] >> Heat. Heat. [music] >> [music] [music] [music] >> Girls, let's take the third measure after 10 and work that part out. 1 [music] 3 4 1. [music] Now let's take that first note F sharp and match it. Play your F sharp, Nancy, and you add yours one at a time. [music] Nancy, let me pull the bell. Clean it out just a little bit. See if we can lower the pitch. I believe that'll help. You folks, I'm sure, are looking forward to moving on next year into the senior high school band. And we find that the 68 time marches go real well for the marching band. Ready? [music] >> A band is my favorite ninth grade class. >> [music] [music] >> A band is a group of people who know they can play the instruments and they get together and make different kind of music and sounds. >> [music] >> Band is a group of people who just enjoy making music together. >> [music] [music] [music] [music] >> Two, three, 4 one. Okay. >> 45 yd line on the insert. [music] >> G5 is on the 25 yd line. It's a step two from the center. >> A good band is a group of people that love music and like to march. We get here, >> Bill. What's the turn when we get here? >> All right, we're going to start first of all with the shadow of your smile. >> Come on, >> this is not Monday. Let me remind you this is Thursday. >> A band is practice and more practice. Ready. [music] >> Oh, don't move. Don't move. Standing. [music] >> [music] >> Keep the line as you go. Now keep it as you come down. Drop it. Step up on the right foot. [music] >> [music] >> A band is dressing up smart and looking neat. [cheering] HEAT. HEAT. [music] >> [music] >> HEAT. HEAT. >> [music] [music] >> HEAT. HEAT. [music] >> [music] [music] >> HEAT. [music] [music] HEAT. >> [music] [music] [music] >> A band is applause. >> [applause] >> Everybody. All right. [cheering] [applause] All right. [music] >> [music] >> HEAT. [music] HEAT. >> [music] >> All right. >> [bell] [bell] >> A band is the way a couple of million kids in America learn music. [music] >> [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] >> Heat. Heat. [music] >> [music] [music] >> Heat. Heat. [music] Heat. Heat. [music] [music] [music] Heat. Heat. [music] [music] [music] [music] [music] >> [music] >> 1973. Uh, and this was brought to us by your Coca-Cola uh, distributor, not mine. Yours. Um, fascinating. Uh, obviously this was a film to get people excited about marching band or band, mostly marching band. Um, and uh, you know, chances are Coca-Cola distributors were helping sponsor bands and so this was kind of this an ad slashpromotion. Um, yeah. Uh very similar feels very similar to uh Prideon Parade which is one of my favorite films uh which is a high school marching fan high school marching band film about Oscar Meyer packaging. Um and so there's some similarities there. Uh, and I'm wondering if one influenced if a band is actually influenced the filmmakers who made Prod on Parade, which was made 1980, seven years later. I don't know, [clears throat] maybe. Uh, all right, let's learn about the sewing machine. Man, this is the one thing that I wish that I had learned back in the day, um, is how to sew with sewing machine. I might I still might be able to do it, but uh you know I need I would need like special readers to be able to see the thread and all that stuff. Anyways, here we go. Enjoy. This is how a needle used to be worked into cloth. slowly by hand. But when a machine drives that needle, it can sew 30 times as fast. No wonder girls everywhere want to use a sewing machine. >> How does a machine make stitches so fast? Basically, what the sewing machine does is interlace two continuous threads to form a line of stitching. The spool supplies the upper thread and the bobbin supplies the lower thread. For a smooth, even stitch, both spool and bobin threads must be kept at the same tension and fed at the same speed. How will I know if these are right? >> This is what happens if the spool thread is too loose. And this is what happens if the bobbin thread is too loose. This is the basic design of all sewing machines. All the working parts are contained in the head. Are all the machines alike? No, there are more than 4,000 makes, but all of them use the same principles. The bed covers the lower part of the machine's mechanism. The throat plate has a hole in it for the needle and a gauge to measure the distance from it. The bed slide covers the bobin case and the bobin. Feed dogs are teeth that grip the cloth against the presser foot and move it along at each stitch. [snorts] This is the arm. It contains the parts which control the needle. As the upper part of the stitch is formed, the stop motion screw disengages the needle mechanism and keeps the needle from going up and down needlessly when filling the bobin before starting to sew again. It has to be tightened. The balance or hand wheel is used to help the machine stop and start smoothly. Some wheels turn toward you and some turn away from you depending upon the machine. Sewing machines have three tensions. They keep the thread even and tight. The lower tension controls the bobin thread. Another tension holds the thread while it's being spooled on the bobin. The upper tension controls the thread going to the needle. Should we adjust these? No, they have been preset for you. The thread takeup lever goes up and down with the needle. It pulls the thread from the upper tension and gives just enough thread to the needle for each stitch. It must be all the way up when threading. Why up? Otherwise, it would pull the thread right out of the needle when you start to sew. The pressure foot holds the fabric against the feed dogs. They work together to feed the cloth through the machine. The pressure bar lever raises and lowers the pressure foot. The stitch regulator controls the size of the stitch. On most machines, the stitches vary between six per inch and a tiny 30 per inch. The stitch regulator actually makes the feed dogs feed faster or slower. The faster they feed, the fewer times per inch the needle goes in, making the stitches larger. The stitch regulator also makes the machine sew in reverse by making the feed dogs go in reverse. When would you sew in reverse? for darning and also as one way of knotting. On this paper sample, you can see what the various stitch sizes actually look like. Try out the different settings for yourself on a sample of cloth. Needles have a groove on one side running the length of the needle. You must insert the needle so that the groove is on the same side as the thread guide because the thread fits into this groove as it goes from the last thread guide to the eye. If the needle is not correctly in place or if the thread isn't in right, the machine won't stitch. All the parts of the sewing machine have been introduced. Can you name them? The head bed, arm, stitch control or regulator, balance wheel, stop motion screw, bobin winder, Thread guides. Thread takeup. Upper tension or needle tension. Pressor bar lifter behind the arm. Needle. Pressor foot. Throat plate. Feed dogs. Bed slide. Bobin. lower tension or bobin tension. A sewing machine should give many years of service if handled properly. Return the head to its cabinet carefully and gently. Use the same care when lifting it out. To clean and oil the machine, remove the throat plate. Some throat plates lift up by means of a lever, and some require a screwdriver. Brush or blow out the lint that collects around the feed dogs. A drop of oil in each of the oil holes will keep your machine running smoothly. When can we start sewing? >> Just as soon as you learn to fill the bobin and thread the machine. Most bobbins are filled by pressing the bobbin winding mechanism against the balance wheel. >> Can I use a bobin from home? >> Not usually. A bobin is actually a part of the machine and you must have the right one. The thread goes on evenly. This is the action of the bobbin winding tension. On this machine, the bobin is threaded directly from the needle. while this machine threads the bobin on top. How full should the bobin be? >> Fill it with as much thread as you need. It will automatically stop when it's full enough. Where do you put the filled bobin? Some machines have the case built into the machine. Others have removable bobin cases. The bobin or case must be put in the machine the right way for that particular machine. Then the thread is pulled through the bobin tension hook. Which is the right way? All bobin cases have slots that act as a hook for the thread. The bobin has to be put in so that the thread can be pulled back to snap in that hook. The balance or hand wheel is used to send the needle thread down after the bobin thread. Hold the needle thread as it goes down. Then pull it up so that the loop of the bobbin thread comes up through the hole. Then both threads are drawn under and behind the pressure foot. >> What happens if you don't draw out the threads? When you start sewing, the machine will make knots in the thread and jam. How do you thread the top part of the machine? Place the spool on its pin. Leave about 18 in of thread hanging. Put the thread through the first guides. Then between the correct plates of the needle tension. What's that little wire? That's a tension spring. The thread must be under it. Then through the takeup lever and down through the guides to the needle. Are all machines threaded the same way? They may look different, but the threading sequence is always the same. Spool guides. Tension plates. The takeup lever always in its highest position. Other guides. Finally, through the needle and out the back. Although it is a must to do it right, it is easy to do. The sequence is always the same. Now, before sewing, check stop motion screw tight. Pressure foot tight. Threads out the back. Pressure foot down. Stitch regulator set. Sew a few inches on a sample to see if the stitch is even and firm both top and bottom. What would happen if we run the machine without any cloth? All the threads would jam up under the throat plate. Cut the thread with scissors or like this. After a few practice periods with a machine, you can have as much confidence and skill as this student. She is making the neck facing for her own dress. In our sewing classes, we learn which styles suit us best, how to select patterns, how to buy fabrics, and many other skills related to sewing. Learning how to sew skillfully will give you much pleasure. Besides making beautiful clothes, you can add your own touch of genius to your home. [music] >> [music] >> And of course, uh, Singer made a 16 mm projectors. It's a very similar type of thing where you have, you know, you have the the needle going up and down [clears throat] and you have thread being pulled. You have all of this. You have a tooth that's kind of moving things. So, very similar. Uh Singer made the Graphlex and the TX uh projectors, which yeah, they're interesting. I have I have a couple. I don't absolutely use them a lot because they are so weird. Um but yeah, they worked. All right, last film. Uh this one's going to we're going to run a little long. Uh, but this is behavior theory in practice. There's going to be a lot of animals. I don't think anybody I don't think any animals are going to be cut open, but there's a lot of behavioral stuff of like giving treats and teaching and shaping and stuff like that. I don't think there's any electrodes and brains. I hope not. [snorts] It kind of quickly went through it and it looked like uh pigeons pecking it on levers. So, here we go. Enjoy. can be learned by studying a single operant. But we are frequently interested in describing sequences of behavior under multiple stimulus control. Probably the simplest sequence or chain of behavior is one in which the successive responses have the same topography. One way to establish such a homogeneous chain is to start with the response nearest reinforcement and work backwards. This quail has had a brief history of pecking in this apparatus. When the response of pecking the white key is well established, the blue key is lighted. Pecking blue is reinforced by the white light and pecking white is reinforced with food. Then the red key is added. and finally the green. Each SD light functions as a conditioned reinforcer for the preceding response in the chain. This quail is believed to be the first bird recorded in history. It is the quail of the Bible and is pictured on Egyptian reliefs. In this homogene, the reinforcer at the end of the chain is a token which can be traded in for candy or a toy at the end of the experimental session. So although the chain we are measuring is the sequence of responses on telegraph keys, the reinforcer that maintains the behavior comes much later and follows a different set of responses including gathering up the tokens and bringing them over to the table. It is relatively easy to equate the responses within homogeneous chains and that is the main reason for studying them in the laboratory. But most sequences of behavior outside the laboratory in chloriety of responses. They comprise heterogeneous chains of behavior. This pigeon is really performing a heterogeneous chain. As we have seen, such a chain starts with magazine training when the light and the sound of the feeder become SDS for the bird to approach the food magazine and eat. We then use the stimula connected with the feeder to condition the pecking response. We can say that the feeder stimula are conditioned reinforcers for pecking because they shape pecking. And we can say they are SDS for head lowering because the bird does not lower his head until they are presented. We can add another response to this kind of a heterogeneous chain using the SD for pecking as a conditioned reinforcer to shape the new response. The red disc will be the SD for pecking and we will use it to shape the response of turning a circle. A black disc in the window will be the SD for turning. We will shape the turning response, reinforcing successive approximations of a full turn. Since the first approximation was in a clockwise direction, that is the direction we will condition. His head is turned farther than before, but his feet haven't moved. Keep watching his feet. Last time his head turned more than halfway. Now we hope he'll turn his body. Once a bird turns more than halfway, you can usually bring him the rest of the way when you present the SD. Now he's turning 3/4 of the way by himself. Now he makes most of the turn before the SD is presented. This will be the first complete turn. This pigeon is working under a three component heterogeneous chain. He pecks the bell, turns a circle, and pecks the triangle on a variable ratio schedule averaging 10 responses. He was first conditioned to peck the black triangle, the last response in the chain. Then turning was shaped by using the triangle as a condition reinforcer. So turning was added to the front of the chain. After this response was well established, the bird was trained to peck a bell. A blank window was the SD for pecking the bell, and a circle was the SD for turning. Then a fourth response was added. The bird was trained to climb on a perch to reach the bell. The bell is raised and the chain breaks down. Since the bird does not peck it, the response of reaching in the direction of the bell is reinforced. Raising the bell even this small amount has generalized effects. The clockwise turn is completely disrupted. Eventually, he turns in the correct direction and receives the SD for pecking. The components of a chain closest to reinforcement are the most stable. Pecking the triangle is not affected. After going through the chain six times with a bell in this position, the performance is fairly stable and the bell is moved to the end of the box where the perch will be placed. The pecking response is disrupted and so is turning. Unfortunately, he's turning the wrong direction. For the next approximation, the perch was placed in the box under the bell, and again, the bird's behavior was disrupted. In 5 minutes, there were no approximations of pecking the bell, so it was lowered to the height you see here. After another 1 and 1/2 minutes, he makes a pecking motion in the direction of the bell. And this response is reinforced with the SD for turning. He pecks this pattern, and the first turn is in the wrong direction. The final pecking response is not disrupted by the introduction of the perch. During the next 5 minutes, pecking the bell was reestablished. Then the bell was raised to this height. Here is the next major approximation. Again, turning is disrupted and the criterion of a full clockwise turn is relaxed in favor of presenting the primary as possible. The next three times the bird placed his foot on the perch. This is the next approximation. Turning is still disrupted and the guests have to turn in the wrong direction. But climbing the perch is now established in the chain. Some two hours of training later, the chain looks like this. Probably most operant chains are established with a discriminative stimulus for each successive response. But here there is no separate SD for climbing the perch. The situation was structured so that the easiest way to reach the bell was by climbing the perch. In other cases, SDS that are present when a chain is learned may be gradually dropped out. When this dog obedience exercise is performed in competition, the handler may give only four commands: stay, get it, out, and heal. Get it. Out. Heel. Good boy. Good boy, Nick. Good boy. The command get it serves as the SD for several responses that had separate SDS during training. >> Getting up, taking the hurdle, finding the dumbbell, picking it up, returning over the jump, approaching the handler, and sitting >> out heel. That's a good boy. Good boy. >> When the chain was learned, there was an SD for each response. In the final performance, the completion of one response seems to serve as the SD for the next response in the chain. In this exercise, the chain contains alternative responses. The dog is sent out between two jumps. The next SD depends on the judge, who waits until the dog is seated before telling the handler which jump he wants the dog to take. >> The handler then says, "Over," pointing to the jump designated by the judge. The dog takes the jump and with no further commands approaches the handler and sits in front of her. The SD and the response of heal follow. >> Good boy. Good boy, Nick. Good boy. Paradigm for this chain might look like this. Of course, the handler's behavior is also a chain controlled partly by SDS from a judge. She gives no command to her dog until the judge gives her the appropriate SD. The interactions between a blind man, his guide dog, and the environment illustrate the control of behavior by several stimuli that at any given moment may be SDS for incompatible behavior as they approach the corner. The verbal behavior of the man is an SD for the dog to go forward, >> but to curb the dog to stop and sit. >> The dog's stopping is an SD for the man to feel about with his foot. And when he finds the curb, he again tells the dog to go forward. Now the dog obeys the command and moves out. And now the man walks ahead responding to tactual SDS from the dog and harness. The training of a seeing eye dog includes punishment as well as reinforcement. But the punishment always comes from things in the environment that the dog must learn to avoid, not from the trainer. >> Forward. Here, the trainer walk and hits it, making as much noise as possible. This is an aversive stimulus for the dog. And on future occasions, the dog avoids coming that close to a car. >> Here, she blocks the trainer and doesn't let him move from the curb. Now, when the traffic stops, she moves right out. Traffic training is relatively easy because the dog has a reliable instinct for self-preservation. But how would you train a dog to avoid something like an awning that isn't an obstacle to the dog itself? How would you make a conditioned aversive stimulus out of something that wasn't even a stimulus? The trainer walks right into the awning and makes a lot of noise. Then he backs off and tries again. That's a good dog. >> In just one trial, the dog avoids the awning and leads her trainer wide around it. In training a seeing eye dog, it is imperative that the trainer behave as though he were blind. If he anticipates the danger, he will be signaling the dog rather than the other way around. >> Forward. Good dog. Good dog. Good girl. >> Here, the dog will be trained to avoid pitfalls such as a hole in the street. The trainer walks right into the hole and stumbles, creating confusion to make the hole an aversive stimulus. On the next trial, she forces him away from the hole and is praised for this avoidance behavior. >> Good job. We have examined the behavior of a number of species both inside and outside of the laboratory. And we have become increasingly aware of those basic principles of behavior which obtain between organisms and their environment at various levels of sophistication yet with remarkably consistent results. While operant conditioning is sometimes called trial and error learning, a better name might be trial and success learning. All right, that was fascinating. Um, thanks for watching today. I'm happy to be back and read your comments live and occasionally uh chime in. Uh, we'll be back again tomorrow, Friday. It's the end of the week. I'm so messed up in what day it is. Holy cow. But um appreciate you guys and uh we will see you soon. Take care. Bye.