This is Cybernetics

[Music] w [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] the most wonderful automate of the world is the human brain it weighs about 1.5 kg and consists of many milliards of Nerf cells and Nerf fibers many hundred kilom [Music] long no such complicated automatic device has ever been made by modern techniques dead elements cannot produce the electrical and chemical contacts that are within the body [Music] no instrument can replace the experience and function of the human brain no such machine can yet imitate the thousand different kinds of reflexes of Sportsmen and the very fast movements made without previous thought Victory within one second the movements are so fast that they cannot be followed once again slower the attack starts it ends in a trick the sword is tsed upwards from that the opponent thinks there will be a blow on the head his waist becomes defenseless no there is no mechanical automatic device so fast and so versatile how much is 325 time 683 no in such a short time the human brain is unable to do it but this way the result is obtained in a second if this is not fast enough there is the electronic computer which can add many thousands of figures in a second or can evolve complicated mathematical formulas these seemingly lifeless elements can also play chess they can translate foreign languages or give a medical [Music] [Applause] diagnosis can this same machine in which only electric impulses move be so versatile well the different parts of the body yes the different organs of the body work similarly [Music] light and sound and different tastes and smells reach the brain through the various organs of sense these impulses which are the signs of the outer world do not reach the brain in their original [Music] form the system is also constructed of uniform seemingly motionless [Music] particles each nerve cell is joined to the next by complicated many sided threads if one cell is affected by an Impulse through a chemical process an electric charge of a duration of a thousands of a second develops and then at once it loses its charge this is repeated whilst the impulse lasts the multitude of cells can affect each other by the actual connections the impulse passes on with small delays to the neighboring cells and with this a series of electric impulses develops in the nerve system of living beings there are similar moving impulses if a thin wire is placed under the nerve thread leading from the feeling particle of the Peroni the impulses can be Illustrated as the impulses are very weak it is necessary to amplify them the point of a needle has changed into such an Impulse in the human nerve system [Music] and what about technique well the light signals are transformed into impulses with the aid of a photo [Music] cell while the sound signals are transformed through a microphone with sound recording devices every kind of stimula can be perceived this machine uses instruments which imitate the human system its eyes are photo cells and its ears are the microphone first it is able to move with the effect of light and therefore it always automatically turns towards the light now it does not move although it hears the sound [Music] if the light and sound signals reach the insect simultaneously the currents of the photo cell and the microphone are connected in such a way that the machine shows logical Behavior towards the [Music] outside it is similar to a real conditional [Music] reflex but the machine can be confused by unexpected circumstances two lamps this is something new and unknown among the relatively few Elementary particles there is no possibility for the formation of so many connections to enable the realization of several logical decisions since each new condition influences the other the more complicated tasks require several hundreds or indeed several thousands of connections [Music] [Applause] if it was possible to look inside the human brain it would be seen to contain many millions of uniform elements of the cortex which are the nerve cells even when these appear to be completely inactive they are still able to produce electric impulses it is possible to even make a record of them whilst the centers of the cortex are not affected by any stimula from the senses the vibrations are unchanged something occurs in the brain with the effect of stimuli which lasts as long as the stimuli last the eye [Music] reports the ear [Music] reports although the impulses are seemingly uniform they affect different centers of the brain each time this is how the human brain differentiates and knows the stimuli cybernetics tries to explore this process by constructing a model of the brain the complicated multiple connections of the nerve cells are replaced by a number of electronic tubes and wires the various Elements which stand apart become centers and each has a different task for example there is a mechanical mouse which looks for cheese how would a real Mouse behave now we see how the machine behaves at Each corner the artificial Mouse tries to turn left to go forward no success this is already an experience worth remembering each time it touches the wall a switch in the chest is turned to the Forbidden position just watch it impending stimuli free moving stimuli impending stimuli the lung complicated rout is divided into small parts into the stages of stimulus and impending stimuli the human brain also gains experience through experiment on the second occasion it is the memory of the brain which guides the artificial Mouse after the switches have been turned to the correct and shortest route it remembers it the control board shows that whatever way the Labyrinth is changed the mouse recognizes and knows about it after only passing through it of course it is possible to play on more than 25 squares and each move can be dependent on several conditions in fact it is a chess game on any of the 64 squares 12 types of different players can be [Music] placed the machines seen so far are too slow to count the many millions of variations arrived at in this way the game of chess is made with electronic computers [Music] Chess Masters and mathematicians have summed up the general laws of Chess in mathematical formula the Strategic evaluation of the various moves and the changes in position must be expressed numerically since the chess machine only knows the language of impulses the mathematical formula have to be transformed these are the rules of the chess game in the form of impulses the memory unit of the machine is now learning [Music] the first move is made by Mr llo Sao the international Grandmaster of Chess he informs the machine of his moves by pressing a button although the machine expresses this on the board nevertheless it turns the moves into numbers now it is the turn of the machine after a few seconds counting the machine makes a move [Music] [Music] after each move made by llo subo the grandmas the machine makes many hundreds of thousands of calculations and among the possibility that chooses that of the highest [Applause] value at present the machine does not play better than men but for example if men gives the machine some Advantage then the machine will recognize it [Music] [Music] mate the machine is not only polite but versatile since different letters and words can be turned into impulses the machine also understands written texts the machine is fed with a foreign language dictionary with grammar the electronic machine will make the translations itself a few lines are taken from a Russian language text instead of the text there are impulses [Music] [Music] in the activity of cybernetic machines and the human nerve system there are similarities on which experiments on the organic connection of the living and lifeless organic matter can be carried out after several months of preparation work such experiments can be started the electric impulses coming from the brain first go to the electronic computer the computer on the basis of a previously decided program differentiates the nerve impulses and from them it establishes the orders of the brain [Music] human thought guides the machine after a long and complicated process [Music] [Music] in this way cybernetics has opened a new age in technical history for [Music]