THE WAR YEARS

thetion of arch Duke Ferdinand okay you could of course read volumes on the history of the war but let's concentrate on a few ideas rather than all the battles and dates of course we'll have to remember a few dates now let me see one important date June 28th 1914 the day that the heir to the throne of Austria was in quick succession Germany declared war on Russia and then on France the German general staff directed a German invasion along a natural route into France Germany would avoid the mountains along much of the French border here through the L lands of Belgium she would hurl her armies into France for a knockout blow German troops invaded Belgium even though Germany and Great Britain had signed a treaty pledging the neutrality of Belgium a shock World watched as German troops streamed into the tiny country the invasion of Belgium brought Britain into the War Ready to defend Belgium England declared war on Germany and Germany's allies and so the sides were drawn the Central Powers Austria Hungary Germany and later turkey the Ally Russia and Great Britain England's Great fleet was mobilized British troops were landed in France to help stop the German Advance on Paris the German plan was to capture Paris with a lightning blow and knock France out of a war in September 1914 the French made a successful stand in the battle of the marn Not only was the German Advance halted but counterattacking the French drove the German armies back to the river a instead of a speedy German Victory there was stalemate both armies began digging in trenches miles of trenches a new kind of warfare trench warfare a network of trenches German English and French extended along the entire Western Front on the Eastern Front Austrian armies were able to do little against the Russians the Russians after losing two big battles to the Germans did little further Fighting by the winter of 1914 both the eastern and western fronts were deadlocked why deadlocked I've seen pictures of was a furious fighting on the Western Front why did it drag on so long as trench warfare well this was a new kind of War new then I mean before the world war fighting was mostly by frontal assault dashing attacks of massed armies but with the world war came new destructive weapons such as the machine gun that made the frontal assault far too costly in lives in this war other weapons such as our artillery were vastly improved Machines of Destruction never seen before such weapons pinned men in trenches help create a static War throughout 1915 and 196 both sides failed to break the deadlock then Allied Expeditions tried flanking movements called s shows into the Turkish Empire to divert the strength of the Central Powers they failed then sh us to the Easter to divert Allied strength they failed too wide Geographic movements like these gave this war a scope unknown in previous Wars also this war gave the world its first taste of what we now call Total War battlefields included whole cities towns Transportation centers and huge areas of Farmland mechanization added a new and terrifying Dimension to Warfare and for the first time in history men fought in the air but did the fight involve much of the world wasn't it most in Europe well most of the sustained fighting was in Europe but let's look at a world map the main fighting fronts were in Europe but there were Naval engagements in the North Atlantic and in the South Atlantic there was fighting in the German colonies in Africa in China and even in the Pacific Islands so you see it really was a World War conscription of young able-bodied men reached into many nations for a total war this tremendous Manpower had to be followed by tons of Munitions and supplies whole Industries had to be mobilized both men and women thousands of civilians worked in the gigantic task of the war effort in England and France and in Germany the home front became nearly as important as the war front in this long War the deadlocked armies were dependent on workers in Industry not only for Munitions but for supplies of every kind in supplying food and materials the Allies had an advantage the reason was England's Naval superiority England's Fleet successfully blockaded the ships of the Central Powers Germany's battle Fleet tried to break the British blockade in the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 in the naval battle that raged in the North Sea Germany failed to break the British blade now the Germans turned to their submarines to destroy the convoys carrying England's vital supplies so began a new chapter of the war at sea for a while German submarines were very successful England shipping was being destroyed encouraged Germany in January 1917 began unrestricted submarine warfare sinking any vessels inside the war zone such actions had increasing effect on world opinion particularly in America where the traditional doctrine of Freedom of the Seas was very strong was Germany winning the war then not actually but there was always the possibility that the Central Powers might win we Americans felt that such a victory would endanger the security of the United States on April 6th 1917 in response to President Wilson's request Congress declared war on the Central Powers we'd fight Wilson said to make the world safe for democracy so we too went to war I remember how Americans pitched into the war effort of 1917 the big Liberty loan drives to raise money whole Industries turned over to war production America's tremendous industrial potential was being shifted to the war effort America was providing not only only the materials of War but also men my older brother Frank was drafted along with thousands of others these Americans would be fighting in Europe for the first time in our history here was New Hope new Strength for our weary allies in Europe years of fighting had exhausted civilians and armies like War weariness had already put Russia out of the conflict revolution had toppled the Imperial Russian government though the revolutionaries at first sought a liberal democracy by November 1917 a new communist government had seized control and made A Separate Peace with the Central Powers with Russia out of the war German troops from the Eastern Front moved Westward into France at about the same time in France American troops were arriving in force to join the Allies commanding the American forces in France was General persing both persing and general hay commanding the British forces coordinated military efforts under Marshall fos of France Supreme Allied Commander the German forces under General ludendorf decided on a final allout effort the summer of 1918 saw three big German offensives trying to break through the Allied lines the British Force back but they hell the French also held fast Americans too helped stem the tide in Valiant action at chatau teray and Bellow wood then the Allies took the initiative on August 8 1917 the German lines were breached the 4-year deadlock was broken defeat for the Germans was near the Central Powers were giving up Bulgaria turkey Austria Hungary the people of Germany alone and exhausted overthrew their government Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany abdicated the Great War was over in this Railway car a German commission met Eli delat to sign the Armistice on November 11th 1918 the railroad C at conani isn't that the same one that Hitler used in World War II to dictate the surrender of France that's right it was the same car but in 1940 the tables were turned then World War I didn't solve all the problems no it didn't in spite of our optimism our Great Hopes we did not achieve a lasting peace that's the last chapter in the story the aftermath of World War I the things that were left unsettled and the attempts of many nations to build the peace [Music]