THE CAUSES AND IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

she renounces all claims to Finland and the she gives up an abandoned cars in the Caucasus on the oil port of bat tomb to Turkey she also agrees to pay germany won and what's during the peace negotiations latvia finland lithuania and estonia declare their independence brest-litovsk one of the most humiliating treaties in history completes the collapse of the old russian empire victorious in the East Germany again takes the offensive in the West for troops smashed through to the Marne allied forces again fight with their backs to Paris but led by General John J Pershing nearly a million American troops are now in France they help slow the German drive July 18 marshal push commanding the combined allied armies declares everyone is to attack as soon as he can for as long as he can a great offensive forces the Germans to withdraw from their daily one positions again the mine is the scene of an Allied victory the fresh Yankee troops heartened the weary allies as flush in one mighty effort throws his full strength into battle the advance continues in the face of stubborn resistance news comes up victories on other fronts on sep tember 29th bulgaria surrenders on October thirty-first turkey signs an armistice November 4th austria-hungary quits and prisoners taken in the relentless advance streamed to the rear in Germany the people are faced with starvation caused by the British blockade revolution breaks out on november nine the kaiser abdicates and flames to holland november 11 1918 an armistice is signed when delegates of the new German Republic meet Marshall for should campaign the war is over crowd celebrate the end of the bloody struggle it remains only to draw up the terms of in December President Wilson sales were friends to conduct the negotiations for the United States Wilson's fourteen points were the basis for the armistice and he now believes his idealistic dreams of a just peace and strong League of Nations will prevail at the historic palace of versailles in paris statesmen assemble to draw up the peace treaty in january nineteen nineteen the first meeting of the Peace Conference openness here Wilson insists that the League of Nations be an integral part of the peace treaty and here he learns of the secret treaties concerning the spoils of war these treaties which include promises to Italy and other powers on the Allied side threaten Wilson's ideals of a just peace also threatening them are the demands and bitter peoples and statesmen to make the Germans pay the conference is dominated by lloyd george wilson limassol of france and orlando of Italy the Italian presently withdraws leaving the others to carry on the work july twenty eight 1919 the Treaty of Versailles a sign between the Allied powers and Germany let's see what this treaty does first it deprives Germany of all her colony German East Africa goes to great britain and to belgium the counter rooms are divided between Britain and France British also get togoland Southwest Africa goes to the Union of South Africa Germany's Samoan Islands go to New Zealand for pacific islands north of the Equator plus her rights to couch all and shantung China go to Japan for island south of the Equator + german new guinea go to Australia on her Western Front Germany restores alsace-lorraine to France or frontier districts of Mourne a new phone and malmedy go to Belgium force our district rich in coal is to be governed by the League of Nations with provisions for a clever site in 15 years to determine French or German ownership the rush also agrees to demilitarize the left bank of the Rhine in a zone 32 miles deep on Germany's Eastern Front Wilson's principle of self-determination is attempted Poland is reestablished and districts inhabited chiefly by poles are handed over to Poland to give the poles access to the sea the Polish corridor is provided separating Germany from East Prussia this corridor is criticized as a certain source of future trouble in a plumber site between Germany and Denmark the province of schleswig goes to Denmark Danzig overwhelmingly German becomes a free city under league protection opera Salacia is to hold a plebiscite to determine polish or German ownership the German city and district of Memel goes to Lithuania to provide that new state with a Baltic port minority problems are out of the war to indemnify the Allies in money and materials for all the damage caused is also added in the tree the money indemnity alone amounting to 31 billion dollars Germany is compelled to limit for Army and Navy and to abolish conscription the rice has been stripped of her wealth or colonies and her power the first job of the Peace Conference is done the Allied powers ratified the treaty President Wilson returns to the United States and tours the country seeking to a rounds public opinion in its favor he pleads in vain aware of the documents faults and fearful of entanglements Congress rejects the treaty and the League of Nations meanwhile additional pacts lopped territory of other defeated States the treaties of Sir German do alien trail on deal with austria-hungary and Bulgaria the new state of Czechoslovakia already has declared its independence bohemia and moravia the basis of the state contained three million Germans to include them will affront the principles of self-determination to exclude them it is thought will fatally wiccan the New Republic so a compromise bones Czechoslovakia by the mountain ranges of ancient Bohemia Czechoslovakia not only includes a German but also a Hungarian minority Yugoslavia which also has declared its independence presents another difficult problem it combines survey with Bosnia and Herzegovina plus land inhabited by Croats and Slovenes the boundary with Austria is settled by plebiscites but the bordering territory of history on the nearby territory of the southern tirol with its population of 400,000 Austrians become the pawns of expediency for they are handed over to Italy starting more minority problems till May becomes a free city like dancing but thus little Serbia becomes great and finally gains access to the sea romania presents more minority problems she demands transylvania where hungarians just sold Romanians and the treaty makers finally give it to her thus another million Hungarians are alienated from their homeland moreover the former Russian territory of Bessarabia which has voted for union with Romania following the Bolshevik uprising is allowed to continue as Romanian territory so Romania expands greatly by the war bulgaria adds her quarter of minardi troubles by the treaty of nearly she is forced to yield territory to Romania Yugoslavia and Greece after further negotiations Greece also takes over Bulgari's Aegean coast line leaving the Little Kingdom a landlocked nation the boundary between Austria and Hungary is determined by plebiscite and the Dual Monarchy is split into separate independent nations by these treaties Austria is limited to a small landlocked territory the fears of friend Joseph are realized and that his integration of the Greg Dual Monarchy is complete finally there is turkey the first peace treaties that have several leaves her little more than Anatolia its terms are so drastic but the rising Turkish nationalists refuse to accept it but the Allies are tired of fighting and so briefs alone goes to war with Turkey to enforce the packet Greece can't beat the sick man of Europe however and so in 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne has grown up its terms are harsh but less so than those of its predecessor in Europe the old Turkish provinces of Constantinople eastern thrace and Gallipoli remain in Turkish hands while in Asia in addition to Anatolia turkey retains Silesia and Adalia but Syria goes to France Palestine goes to England under mandate system most of the dodecanese islands go to Italy and from other Turkish territory 3 semi-independent Arab states arise under the protection of England they are Iraq trends jordania and the head Giles with the signing of this treaty the first world war is officially over further dispute ceramic occasions are referred to the League of Nations summer 1923 a new Europe a hopeful world a prospect of enduring peace but already tomorrow's leaders are toiling and scheming for jealousies and hatreds still smolder in the hearts of men these leaders will fashion new armies to replace the old they will regiment whole peoples for conquest and revenge for the new map of Europe is hastily and in places roughly drawn the task of the peacemakers is not done Europe's history does not end at Versailles the ultimate effect of the First World War await the ? of the future