ORIGINS OF THE MOTION PICTURE

[Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] early in the 20th century these Motion Pictures of the Great White Fleet of the United States Navy were seen throughout the world here years earlier president Theodore Roosevelt comes aboard the kirar Roosevelt personality became familiar around the world with the help of the motion picture Motion Pictures such as these of the first race for the Vanderbilt cup were exciting Novelties in 19003 only a handful of years earlier Motion in pictures was only a dream this film will describe some of the events leading to the perfect of Motion Pictures down Through the Ages man has sought to record his deeds and his actions in art first on the walls of his cave dwellings later in relief on the walls of his temples although man could record the impression of motion in his art he could not reproduce motion for The unimaginative Spectator in fact only an artist could record pictures at [Music] all the Florentine genius Leonardo D Vinci whose Mona Lisa alone immortalized his name in the Arts documented the phenomenon of the camera obscura a dark room in which anyone could trace the outlines of nature the camera obscura the basic instrument of all photography was used as early as the 11th century by the Arabian astronomer alhassan who employed it in the study of eclipses Giovani deap pora a 16th century Neapolitan writer entertained guests with natural magic as he called his application of the camera obscurer in a way he was the first projectionist however that title May belong to aanus Kirker a 17th century German priest in scientist who developed this kopan theater a theater of mirrors using sunlight to reflect pictures on a wall kirker's book ARS Mana luchas at umbre or the great art of light and Shadow was published in 1640 and again in this edition of 1671 in it are several illustrations of what he called Magic lanterns historians differ as to whose Magic Lantern came first but Christian hin a Dutch physicist made his in 1656 here was a means of projecting drawings on a wall for many many people to view at once magic LNS were made in many forms and for many uses this is Johan Zan's device a clock this one is a wind indicator connected to a vein on the room as though in Prelude to the Perfection of Motion Pictures Peter Mark Ro an Englishman Fame for his thesaurus of English words and phrases read a paper in this room before the Royal Society of London on Christmas Eve 1824 his subject was the Persistence of vision with regard to moving objects but it was Dr John eron Paris a year or so later who demonstrated the theory graphically with his toy he called the thope or wonder Turner Persistence of vision made the images on both sides of a card appear as one in 1829 the Belgian scientist Joseph Plateau developed a machine which caused a deformed image to look normal when viewed through a spinning disc or shutter [Music] Plateau continued experimenting and four years later presented this device the phenakistoscope almost simultaneously an Austrian geometrician Von ster presented a similar device the stroboscope they came to be known as Plateau stumer magic discs and with changeable picture Wheels gain favor as parlor entertainment employing the same principles the zoat Trope Rose to popularity and artists Drew action strips by the hundred so the viewer could change pictures at will [Music] a refinement of the Zoot Trope idea was the praxinoscope developed by the Frenchman Char [Music] Reno an Austrian artillery and ballistics expert bar in general France Von ukaus devised This Magic Lantern which used A variation of the plateau stom for magic discs wrote rotating a glass disc behind an aperture in shutter to produce the first motion pictures projected on a screen meanwhile Lou dager perfected a process he and Joseph Nez had developed a method of recording a picture by chemical action on a metal plate the deera type another process of the same era was the cype or talat type the paper negative at left used to make a positive print was developed by William Henry fox talbet in England coming closer to the needs of the motion picture the langenheim brothers of Philadelphia made positive prints on glass plates making projection of photographs possible it is significant to mention that by 1870 men knew of Persistence of vision they had a variety of apparatus for project and they had transparent photographs of quality all that was lacking was motion Leland Stanford the former Governor of California had a large farm and an interest in the way artists were depicting the gates of horses about the horse in motion he engaged the San Francisco photographer Edward mybridge who came to the farm in 1872 mybridge made many pictures in the next few years but they were inconclusive Sandford then brought a railroad engineer named John ISAC to the farm to help explore the idea of using several cameras instead of only one or two iage and Isaac set up a series of 24 cameras whose electric shutters were tripped when threads were broken by the horse as it ran past the cameras each camera made an exposure of 1 2,000th of a second the cameras were so spaced that only 125th of a second separated the exposures in 1880 mybridge devised this projector similar to the ukaus machine and dubbed it the zoopraxiscope with it he showed his pictures to the San Francisco Art Association the first exhibition before an audience of projected photographic Motion Pictures [Music] my Bridge's exhibition caused a sensation in the Press he showed his pictures all over the United States and in the following year took them to France where he showed them to the physiologist aen jeul Moray a Pioneer in the study of animal Locomotion and photography in this so-called physiological Park where morray used many instruments in his studies he saw the need for a single camera which would photograph separate pictures in quick succession he developed this photographic gun which made 12 pictures on a glass plate this was approaching the [Music] solution back in the United States in this New Jersey laboratory Thomas Alva Edison America's greatest Problem Solver had perfected the talking photograph Edison realized its entertainment potential but he developed it for use as a recorder of Court proceedings and for dictating business letters these are Edison's own words the idea occurred to me that it was possible to devise an instrument which should do for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear and that by a combination of the two all motion and sound could be recorded and reproduced simultaneously thinking along these lines Edison first developed a machine resembling the photograph photographic paper wound on this cylinder made pictures through a microscop like eye piece as the cylinder revolved and moved laterally along a worm gear images were extremely tiny and much too grainy to please Edison so he increased the size of the image and the diameter of the cylinder this machine is incomplete but you can see that each of these teeth when it touched this flexible plate could close a contact and illuminate each picture for an instant giving the intermittent view required to take advantage of the law of Persistence of vision Edison discarded the cylinder idea in favor of using a strip of flexible transparent material on which a photosensitive Emulsion could be affixed so pictures could be exposed one after another to assure registration of the picture he conceived the idea of Perforating the film permitting it to be Advanced by sprockets this is the perforator he used several types of Celluloid proved unsatisfactory then Edison bought a piece of newly developed Nitro cellulose roll film from George Eastman of Rochester who had perfected it for his Kodak camera Eastman's film solved Edison's film problem in this crude wooden cabinet is the actual machine built by ederson in 1889 to use the roll film this is the strip kinetograph designed to take Motion Pictures and to project the same pictures on a screen the electric motor drives the film advancement mechanism note the governor to ensure constant speed the shutter interrupts the light passing through the lens while the film is being Advanced as a camera a picture is exposed while each hole in the shutter is in front of the lens and while the film is at rest behind the aperture as a projector a light source is added behind the picture aperture and the picture is sent back out through the lens through a hole in the shutter and onto a screen a separate motor drives the film takeoff mechanism here is the negative of one of those films notice that the images are exposed horizontally among the film The circular aperture and the sprocket holes along one Edge watch this 1889 Motion [Music] Picture Edison put together $600 worth of wood and tar paper to make this skigraphic theater promly renamed by its workers the Black Mariah after a few improvements it looked like this this is a scale model the entire building revolved on wheels for Edison had installed a much larger kinigra and everything had to be brought to the camera including the sun's Rays admitted by adjusting the panels in the roof William KL Dixon one of Edison's principal assistants said we find that the contrasts are affected by the total exclusion of light from the lower end of the hall heightened by draperies of impenetrable black against which stands out in sharp relief the central stage on which are placed the kog graphic subjects bathed in the full power of the solar rays pouring down from the movable roof the original sound is lost but here is one of the first sound Motion Pictures ever [Music] made short films such as this were made by the Dozen for use in the Edison kinetoscope popularly called the peep show formed in to a continuous loop the film ran for about a [Music] minute some were sound pictures incorporating the photograph here is the first copyrighted Motion [Music] Picture kazun knowing the Library of Congress accepted photographs for copyright Edison exposed all the frames of this short film onto a piece of photographic paper and nailed it in to the copyright office with the necessary 50 started by Edison in 1894 this procedure became the accepted Method Of copyrighting Motion Pictures until later when entire films were printed on paper rolles each rooll being copyrighted as a single photograph the American Motion Picture theater is popularly dated from April 23rd 189 6 when Motion Pictures were shown as part of a program at a Broadway Theater Coster and bei's Music Hall Motion Pictures had been achieved the projector was the vitascope built by Edison from the design of Thomas armont of Washington DC almost simultaneously cameras and projectors were invented in the United States and abroad this is the Jenkins camera capable of 2200 pictures per second this is levon's camera it used separate glass plates this spiral camera projector came from the Chicago recording Scale [Music] company this is the lumier cinematograph camera projector from France [Music] from England came the damy gont camera projector this bulky American mograph Camera was set up by its crew all over the world to make pictures for the mutoscope designed to compete with the Edison kinetoscope peep show this model permits several persons to [Music] watch photographs on cards attached to the rotating wheel give the impression of continuous motion this 1897 picture shows Pope Leo the 13th in Rome one of the mograph partners and a former Edison assistant wkl Dixon wrote in Century magazine in 1894 no scene however animated and extensive but will eventually be within reproductive power this news reil shows American troops Landing in Cuba and here the Marines from the USS Brooklyn are returning from the war [Music] this 1897 film might have been the first military training film the Gatling gun firing [Music] procedures these Motion Pictures of America's first submarine the USS Holland made in 193 served to document Naval History these have been the origins not all of them of the motion picture a toy which grew to become a world Force for the dissemination of knowledge and the cultivation of understanding [Music]