CONQUERORS OF THE UNIVERSE

[Music] but in just a few hours this day will be called the dawn of the Space [Music] Age a human being is about to go up into near Earth orbit he is so citizen Yuri [Music] Gagarin conquerors of the universe script Igor Badin and Nikolai Makarov cons Consultants air marshall yov Colonel General gorov Colonel General commin and candidate of technical Sciences yo Direction Nikolai Makarov camera Boris smov the years and centuries will pass but Humanity will never forget this exploit of the Soviet unions academician Valentin glushko Constantine zov's idea on conquering cosmic space and its unlimited expanses and wealth conquered us his disciples as well they became the main goal in our lives rocket and space activities became truly extensive after the great October socialist revolution in the country's outlying areas battles were still being waged against the remnants of counterrevolutionary bands but in Moscow in the spring of 1921 a government scientific research and experimental designing organization was established to design a rocket propelled by smokeless powder in 1925 this organization moved to Leningrad where it was called the dynamic gas laboratory this laborat produced the first models of rockets propelled by smokeless powder later to win a claim as the famous katucha during the second world war here also we designed the first Soviet made liquid fuel rocket engine several other models and finally a series of powerful engines installed on all carrier rockets launched into space in the Autumn of 1931 groups of Rocket enthusiasts began appearing in many cities designing and launching of all Soviet Rockets using liquid fuel was conducted by Sergey kov the 1930s were years of romantic Adventures the first 5-year plans the first Collective Farms a new world and a new type of man were being born not all was yet in order down on Earth but they were already looking up into the sky into outer [Music] space Constantine celovsky 75th birthday was being celebrated Nationwide what he said about flying Among the Stars was heard with the greatest admiration they were ready to fly to the stars immediately we shall begin our film with a story of a few events that took place in 1934 whose repercussions were felt in 1961 while blazing a path through the Arctic Ocean the Icebreaker chaloin sank on February 14th 1934 and 104 survivors were left on the ice foreign newspapers wrote pessimistically about the chances of saving them the land of Soviets they wrote has a weak Aviation and Russian Pilots have no experience in flying in the [Music] North but the Soviet people accomplished The Impossible on April 13th the last of the survivors was removed by plane to the mainland the world saw that in just a few years the land of Soviets had grown Mighty [Music] Wings seven Pilots were awarded the title of hero of the Soviet Union one of these Brave seven Nikolai Kaman many years later became teacher and friend of the world's first cosmonaut yudi [Music] gagan the village of kuseno in the smin region on March 9th 1934 an insignificant event took place [Music] there the third child was born to collect the farmers alexe and Anna Gagarin they called the boy [Music] Eur Leningrad 1934 the first national conference on studying the stratosphere was held here in the Academy of Sciences from March 31st to April 6 Constantine zovsky was elected honorary chairman of the conference presidium the conference was particularly attentive to the problems of Rocket [Music] technology a report on Rocket flying machines and the problems of man's flight into the stratosphere on the rocket was delivered by Sergey kof besides problems of theory kov was also deep in Practical [Music] research the rocket plane he designed was tested on the eve of the war designs were then being completed of a plane with a rocket engine by Constructors bisak and ISF but the work was broken off by the war in May of 1942 deep in the Euros near the city of sedov Captain Bak chaji went up in the first Soviet Made jet [Music] plane this was while Hitler's troops were driving for Stalingrad the war or yudi gagin was just over 7 years [Music] old this is the city of gut right after it was liberated yudi gagin could have been among these [Music] children and this is how the legendary katusa terrified the [Music] enemy kusas are also rockets and they became something of a symbol of our [Music] Victory the war was [Music] over the Soviet people started rebuilding their towns and cities plants and factories and strengthening their defense [Music] potential the party and government instructed scientists to create a powerful rocket technology the complexity of the whole rocket Cosmic package consisting of many systems and subsystems required a large number of Designing bureaus and institutes to be organized to coordinate their work a council of Chief designers was established it included those who drew up the systems and subsystems Constructor for example the chief designer of carrier rocket control system Nikolai pugan is an academ today the chief designer of launching systems Vladimir Baran is also an acem the organization IE headed designed engines for the carrier Rockets the council was headed by Sergey kov while the Rockets were being designed a location had to be found for a testing ground and launching PAAD there was no experience in this everything had to be started from scratch Far From Any housing in difficult climatic conditions and the people worked just like they fought in the War without let up in hot and freezing weather [Music] alike a new and complex industry was coming into being the rocket industry it was headed by a talented organizer then the minister of armament Demitrius [Music] Tino the first soviet-made ballistic Rockets went up in November 1948 in 1956 a long range ballistic missile was launched a year later the world learned that the USSR had designed a multi-stage intercontinental ballistic missile [Music] here is what Sergey kov had written in his diary then I think man's most cherished dream is close to fulfillment in all epochs man would gaze into the deep blue of the skies and would dream man dreamed of flying to the stars of flying into space the office of Leon brf then a Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union resembled a headquarters where decisions were taken on the most intricate problems of Rocket engineering Leon brf could often be seen on the testing grounds and at the plants where Rockets were being built he discussed the minutest problems quickly understood the most difficult questions could clearly suggest what to do and how to do it [Music] in the Autumn of 1957 assembly was nearing completion of the first artificial satellite of the Earth or Sputnik in Russian it was launched October 4th the Soviet people had opened the new era the era of space [Music] Conquest meanwhile what changes had taken place in the life of yudi gagan he worked as a foundryman then enrolled at The Saratov industrial School and continued attending flying school later he was sent to the military flying school in oror there he heard the news that the first artificial Sputnik was [Music] launched after graduating flying school Lieutenant yudi gagin served in the [Music] north he served in a far off Air Force Garrison this is where he lived this is where his fighter plane took off one of yudi guan's comrades was Major Vladimir shilov who served in the same airwing with him yudi would tell him of his dreams he dreamed that a pilot would become the first man in space and that dream came [Music] true it was here in the office of the commanding officer that a 1960 senior Lieutenant Yuri gagin was told he was being sent off to join the first group of [Music] cosmonauts but let's return to 1957 to the very time when the first Sputnik was being launched corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Constantine Bush when we waiting for the signals from the first artificial Earth satellite were all crowded around the receiver and finally heard those signals we were all overwhelmed with an unusual enthusiasm like children we were Overjoyed we embraced and kissed each other later much more complex flying machines were constructed Cosmic ships orbital stations but the Sputnik was the first the work that went into creating it will go down in history as a great scientific and technological achievement in Cosmic science academ Miss o gazenko the second Sputnik was being Reed simultaneously with the first the second Sputnik carried a passenger the dog Leica from this moment on the work became highly important it was necessary to receive information on the possibility of live organism surviving during prolonged space flights research was started on the effects of cosmic flights on live biological [Music] objects simultaneously scientists had to deal with numerous technical puzzles also connected with man's flight into [Music] space Constantine fsto doctor of technical Sciences this project did not just appear suddenly not long ago I was looking through Caro's papers and came upon his notes on plans for the coming decade man's flight was scheduled for 1964 65 but that was the end of 1957 and the beginning of 1958 and it seemed this could be achieved earlier we didn't know how to do this but we're certain it could be done we were looking for a solution of how to build a Sputnik in which man could fly into space and return to Earth we knew how to launch it we had the rocket the problem was how to get it back we had to find a simple solution to bring it down there were ideas of whether we should adopt a diagram of a ballistic Landing this idea dated to approximately the winter of 1958 but here we had to find the shape of the apparatus for a ballistic Landing We examined the most fantastic ideas the umbrella diagram a huge umbrella was to slow down The Descent in the atmosphere a diagram of a revolving screw whose lifting force would create a retro force all sorts of combes a semisphere and finally in April we got the idea of using the sphere as a form of a descending apparatus this was simple and realistic and therefore quickly closed the Gap to the day when man would fly into space we really got down to working on the project after the counil met this was the beginning of 1959 this is where kov displayed his AB AB ility to follow a tense schedule to do a great deal himself and make all his fellow designers and people at the plant everyone get down to work and we were able to create and perfect ships and fly them in unbelievably short periods this is where spaceships were created created by the mind of designers and the wonderful hands of workers assemblyman hero of socialist labor Vladimir maroso we workers had very little time to carry out the scientists ideas but we tried to make it even shorter because this shop was visited every day by a man whose attitude to the work was a great example to us his name is now well known to all Sergey caral my comrades and I are very proud of the fact that the ships and stations that float around in space today and that glorify our country were created by our hands I assembled the in ship with these hands one after another the spaceships were launched in the name of science they supplied scientists with a great deal of invaluable information however only man was capable of deciphering the secrets of the universe Colonel General Kanan by the beginning of the 60s the Soviet Union had already carried out several Cosmic flights Sputnik went up and animals mainly dogs and small organisms in other words we gathered experience concerning living things in Space the technology was ready too rockets and spaceships but we still had to decide from which professions we would choose cosmonauts they had to be trained quickly and reliably we decided that we would use fighter pilots because the nature of their work was very close to the the conditions of Solo Space flights fighter pilots maintain radio contact over long distances and fly independently they are accustomed to overloads vibration weightlessness and noise they are also trained to take quick decisions in unexpected conditions all these conditions are close to space flights but it all began here in this small twostory house where the cosmonauts training center was located together with the training installations headquarters and other department the cosmonauts became acquainted with this training center in March 1960 20 cosmonauts arrived the gagaran group as we call them now soon after they were all received by the Air Force commanderin-chief air marshall veran after this the hard training began for Man's first flight of into [Music] space [Music] the spaceship was completed in the beginning of 1961 the trainee started working inside a real [Music] spaceship and so by the beginning of 1961 we had accumulated a great deal of important scientific data showing that there had been no significant changes in the organisms of the living beings that had gone through space flights this in itself opened up the question of man's flight but it could not be said that we already knew everything there was to know concerning space flights by such a complex organism as man after all every space flight is still a step into the unknown and neither now nor most likely in the future will man be in possession of all the data about the new steps he takes the morning of April 12th 1961 for the country and the whole world this was still an ordinary [Music] morning I am Z One how do you read me I will convey the commands Z one I am I read you all right kition I read you starting [Music] ignition I wish you a good flight here we go the first Earth man saw our planet looking blue and beautiful and For the First Time The Thought occurred to him that it was very [Music] small Yi gardan circled the Earth in 108 minutes only 108 minutes [Music] Soviet composer Alex [Music] now he belong to the whole world and this is the way it was every day for many months and it took a gagin to wear the burden of Glory so lightly and calmly to always be full of energy good natured and well-meaning [Music] to always be ready with a charming gagin smile that the whole world [Applause] [Music] knows Spaceman Gman Tito after his flight yudi became our commander commander of the cosal group besides he was our comrade friend and invariably displayed a youthful enthusiasm for all our domestic plans and ideas but these two sides of his character went very well together if necessary he could be strict and demanding true we tried not to provoke his severity Yi always took part in preparing future cosmonauts for flight he would share his experience and quietly settle all the problems that might arise during training he would study in detail all the technical changes in any ship being prepared for a flight his advice and even his jokes were always important for those who already had been in space or were preparing to go up gran gran I am thisn you fulfill the first experiment correctly proceed to the second 5 years ago I had the honor of being the first to go up into space during these 5 years my friends colleagues and comrades from the Cosa group have carried out Unforgettable space missions we have not gotten the more than 24hour long flight by Gman Tito Gman Tito was followed by the spaceships basto 3 and bastok 4 in which andrean nikol and pav papovich carried out the first group flight the VTO 5 spaceship remained in space with Val bovy aboard for five days he was followed up in space by our wonderful woman Cosa our CH Valentina nikolov the vok series was followed by the new multier it was in this ship that the commander engineer Vladimir kamarov scientist Constantin Fisto and Dr Boris yoro completed their famous flight the spaceship vasod helped to resolve an important and difficult experiment Man's first walk in space this mission was carried out by our Soviet cosmonauts our friends P BF and Alex leonov Alex was the first man to walk out into outer space and Carry Out experiments there we are now preparing a new difficult and important experiment yui Gagarin could not diverge at that time what this experiment was but it really was very important the spaceship suus was being readed for flight this new ship was being tested by Vladimir kamarov here he is just before leaving for the launching pad [Music] Vladimir kamarov fulfilled the program of the flight but was killed when returning to Earth courage and willpower were displayed by Gori baboy in testing the new suus space technology was being improved and modernized the cosmonauts had to continually perfect their knowledge soon after their first flights the Cosmonaut group enrolled at the zukovsky Air Force [Music] Academy here is the story of how yudi gagin [Music] studied protocol number one of the government examining Commission on the diploma work of Colonel yudi gagin a Cadet of the engineering department Judy gagin received top marks on on all accounts on the basis of the results of his studies and diploma work Colonel yudi gagin has conferred the qualifications of engineer pilot Cosa and a corresponding diploma the commission also passed a special decision the commission notes the exceptionally high level of the diploma work and gagan's Gifts in scientific work and therefore recommends that he continue studies in the post-graduate correspondence Department of the zovsky academy gagan's ability and scientific research was also noted by Sergey Caro he has inborn courage and analytical mind as is an exceptionally industrious wrote Sergey kaday if he gets a good education then we shall hear his name among the names of top Soviet [Music] scientists regrettably this did not happen we lost him too early [Music] film director Nikolai Makarov I remember the 1960s very well we made a lot of films about space we were helped by Sergey kov and Yi gag they both took the cinema very seriously besides everything else they considered the cinema a great help in research work particularly in the coming broad program of space research y came to our Studios many times and Sergey often sat here in this Hall despite the tremendous amount of work that they shoulder they still found time to see our films and to consult us but they had little time to be photographed themselves and today we can but regret that we filmed them so rarely that we were not more insistent when we were told that there was still time that we should film others in the meantime in March 1968 we made arrangements with yudi gagin to film him at home when we arrived the whole family was busy reading and answering their [Music] mail yudi received a tremendous amount of mail everyone seemed to want to write to him and those who could not write send drawings and every letter required an answer that was the voluntary duty of yudi's wife [Music] Valentina to all his other concerns yet more was added in response to his persistent requests the government commission agreed to include him in the group of cosmonauts training on the new Su [Music] spaceship [Music] the training program included flights on a plane this telephone call was not staged by us yudy was informed that his next scheduled training flight was on March 27 March 27th who could have known that these would be the last shots ever taken [Music] gag let's look at them again e [Music] I [Music] the head of the Cosmonaut training program Vladimir shatalov my comage and I are often asked a question that sounds like a rebuke why did we allow gagin to fly why didn't we take care of him what can I say to that gardin was not a museum display and never wanted to be one by his very nature he could not have tolerated it gagan was a human being he was a pilot he was training for new space flights and he trained diligently on land and in the air and today his comrades those who continue what gagaran started all fly and a good deal too they fly day and night they fly the most modern machines they fly not only because a pilot's heart impels him to fly but because this is necessary for their future work as for the rest I suppose all cosmonauts are just ordinary people they like nature dream of spending a few hours with their families near a lake or river possibly just a bit more than others they love the sky the head of the Cosa Training Center Gori yag memory continues living in our deeds in the life and work of star Town many of the buildings here still hold the warmth of jy's hand he commissioned the first Secondary School in tart town he laid the Cornerstone of our club star town has grown and become more beautiful since those days as a matter of fact it it is a city now the yudi gagen Cosmonaut Training Center has been equipped with new installations it has become an International Center not only Soviet cosmonauts train here but also citizens of other countries how quickly time passes it seems only yesterday that yudi completed his wonderful flight but star town has already trained cosmonauts from many other [Music] countries the head of space flights Alex yo Soviet scientists have for long been cooperating successfully with Scientists in the socialist countries with France and India we are happy to accept proposals on cooperation with other countries and of course our program of space research has developed intensively nevertheless we believe that the conquest of space is just beginning and today we are grateful to and respect those who were the first to blaze the trail into space they were the first build through space continues [Music] wa