AV Geeks 16mm 1-29-2024

for in is that for sorry about that what a way to start a Monday holy cow um so that was some footage of uh Jasper National Park and uh some bears some snowballs Etc um one perfect day um yeah that was from the orgon collection which was ultimately that film came from the mle brothers collection and um so so yeah you could rent that at one point for I feel like it was like0 50 CS um I don't know it was like outrageously cheap and you could buy it for probably five bucks or something like that um so what we do is we watch old 16 mm films just like uh we just saw and uh we also sometimes have lunch and uh I'm Skip and this is a Geeks um maps are fun really so much so that cornette made two different films about it this is the second edition [Music] Enjoy [Music] my name is Donaldson and I'm a cartographer that means I make maps one Saturday afternoon I invited two of my neighbors Ronnie and his young friend dick to visit me I knew they were having trouble making a map Ronnie was going on a camping trip with his family and dick was going to deliver paper papers for him but he couldn't understand the map Ronnie had made of his paper route I asked them into my workroom to talk over their problem I had moved a sand table into the room so we could make a model of Ronnie's neighborhood then I gave Ronnie a yard stick to measure the table to see how much room we had for laying out a paper root six blocks long and four blocks wide Ronnie measured the table luckily its length was just 6 fet and its width was 4 ft now dick could see that they could make the streets exactly one foot apart then each block would be 1T in length that's what is meant by scale here the scale is 1 foot equals one block everything on the map will be drawn to scale then I showed Ronnie some models we could use to represent the buildings it wasn't long before the streets and buildings were all in place and the model of his paper route was finished I pointed out that this view of the model was just like an airplane view of a town air views of towns and cities are often used to help cartographers make maps from such a view high above a city for example an aerial photograph is made from an aerial photograph a map of a whole Community can be drawn at the map Studio where I work work we usually make maps of areas much larger than cities or towns here we are making a new map of penssylvania much will be done to it before it is finished on a special rotating table called a wher colors are added to the map in this device each color is made permanent in the places on the map where belongs and here is the finished map with all the colors and names in place mapmaking is fascinating work as dick and Ronnie were beginning to discover and now that our model was complete and dick could see how the newspaper route went he was eager to get started on the map yet he could see that a map as big as the model would be too large to carry around on a bicycle but the paper I brought over on the drafting table was smaller than the model dick was also worried about how he could keep his directions straight so on the paper Ronnie marked this direction North he knew which direction was North on the model because the railroad station was at the North End of his paper route but to use this small paper for a map of the route Ronnie realized that they would have have to change the scale when they had made the model they had let one foot equal one block now perhaps they could use a different scale and let a few inches equal one block after Ronnie measured the paper for the map he decided that they could use this scale 3 in equal one block so the blocks which were 12 in Long on the model would be only 3 in Long on the map 1/4 as much now Ronnie wondered if it was all right to use a little square like this to stand for a house I said that would be a good symbol for his map a legend explains the lines and symbols that are used the legend on Ronnie's map would help dick read it all the houses were put into scale one in on the map for every 4 in on the model then came the railroad Depot and the tracks this is the way Ronnie showed the railroad tracks a line with little marks across it like railroad ties then Ronnie added the symbol for railroad tracks to the legend he decided to use an X as his symbol to show the houses where papers were to be delivered dick could easily read this map then Ronnie marked the paper route to the place where it crossed a bridge I showed them the symbol often used for Bridges then I showed them the symbol usually used for a church a square like a house with a cross on top of it and the symbol for a school a square with a flag then I pointed out that maps are really a kind of writing which uses lines and symbols to show things a map tells anyone who can read it a great deal about the area it represents the legend helps us to read a particular map it explains the meaning of the symbols that are used in the map Ronnie put in the stre street names completed the legend and the newspaper route and the map was ready dick or anyone who knew how to read maps could use it Ronnie noticed a map of the United States on the wall and he said he'd show dick where he and his family were going camping they were going to Leadville in Colorado but Leadville wasn't on the map perhaps it was too small a town I suggest Ed that Ronnie try a different map a more complete map of Colorado in an atlas this kind of map has a grid made of these vertical lines and these horizontal lines to find Leadville we first looked it up in the index which is arranged alphabetically Leadville Colorado page 118 at G4 on the map on page 118 Ronnie found G along the top of the map and then four along the side of the map he followed across on four and down on G until his fingers met and there was Leadville I explained that nearly every map has some sort of cross lines for locating things on it now Dick had a question why are the states in different colors he knew that Colorado isn't really orange when you travel along a highway and cross a state line the land looks just the same on both sides unless there's a sign you don't know when you go from one state to another on a map color is sometimes used to help indicate where one state ends and another begins dick noticed how the color blue shows lakes rivers and oceans then I showed them another map which uses color in a different way this is a physical map which shows the elevation or height of the land each color represents a different height here the the legend explains the exact height each color or shade represents then I showed the boys a group of maps of the United States each telling a different story the stories were easy to figure out when you use the legend as a guide the other thing that helps you read a map besides its Legend is its scale we can show any area on any size paper just by using a larger or smaller scale whether it's a map of a continent or a hemisphere or even the whole world Legend and scale are the keys that unlock the story of any map just as they explain the story of the boy map the story of where dick is to deliver papers while Ronnie is on his [Music] vacation sorry um ate a big piece of cheese um yeah fascinating exciting um right behind me I have a film scanner set up with an educational film about uh nuclear energy let us watch it enjoy [Music] for [Music] is [Music] as this giant inot cools it will give off a great deal of energy in the form of heat this energy loss results in a corresponding loss of a small amount of mass or weight the loss will be less than the weight of the ink on a postage stamp the surprising relationship between the the loss of mass and energy given off is the subject of this [Music] film this is the simplest atom in nature hydrogen it consists of a light particle with a negative charge called an electron in the nucleus we find a heavy particle the proton 2,000 * the mass of the electron with a positive charge one of the earliest models of an atom made it look like this sometimes this is the kind of atom model used showing fuzzy regions rather than orbiting particles these models are convenient and useful but let's make our own model of an atom on a much larger scale if the nucleus of a hydrogen atom were this size then on the same scale the orbiting electron would have to be somewhere out here 100 or so meters away and it would never remain standing still it would move billions of times faster than this and in a random three-dimensional manner as you can see an atom is mostly empty space if the nucleus were really this size it would weigh 50 times more than a large steam ship some of the heaviest nuclei like those of the radium in this old clock are so packed that they shoot off particles we can detect this with a guer counter there are deposits of radioactive minerals found in nature this rock sample contains uranium although we cannot see particles given off by nuclei we can see evidence of their travel in a special Vapor we have placed the radioactive clock hand in a diffusion Cloud chamber containing this vapor we are watching Vapor Trails caused by particles as they fly loose from the atoms of [Music] radium here the action is animated observations such as these help us in our understanding of the [Music] atom the sun is the source of almost all the Earth's energy the sky laab astronauts photographed the sun here one of their pictures shows a solar prominence some solar prominences shoot millions of kilometers into [Music] space how does the sun release this energy is it the kind of burning we see here on Earth this is a chemical process called [Music] oxidation if the sun were burning like the oxidation of a candle it would have burned out millions of years ago so what is happening on the sun to cause so much [Music] heat a spectrograph of the sun shows us the presence of the two simplest and lightest elements hydrogen and helium in fact the word helium comes from the Greek word Helios which means Sun helium was discovered on the sun before it was found on Earth helium is a slightly more complex atom than hydrogen helium has two electrons two protons and two particles called neutrons a neutron has no electrical charge and can be thought of as an electron and a proton combined with the high temperature and pressure on the sun four hydrogen atoms can fuse to construct one helium atom now let's see how the pieces fit one proton and one electron one proton and one electron a proton and electron can be thought of as a neutron the net effect is Fusion like separate drops of water becoming one drop let's see it [Music] again although it is much more complicated than we show here all the particles in the four hydrogen atoms fuse to form one helium atom but does the helium atom have the same mass as the four hydrogen atoms combined this time we'll keep track of the atomic units of mass using a cache register we started with four hydrogen atoms and ended up with one helium the fusion resulted in a loss of a small amount of mass which corresponds to a large amount of energy just as with the Steel Ingot when energy is given off so is a small amount of mass the mass has not evaporated or Fallen to the floor physicists now know that whenever energy is given off there is a corresponding loss of mass and whenever a nuclear rearrangement results in a loss of mass M energy is given off each second 5 million tons of the Sun's mass is converted into tremendous amounts of energy a small portion of which reaches our Earth we needn't be alarmed however because the sun is so large that it will take millions of years before the Earth will feel the effect of the Sun's reduced [Music] size the energy produced by nuclear fusion on the sun is used by plants in the process of photosynthesis plants convert solar energy into chemical energy and so all the food we eat and the fuel we burn come from the sun's [Music] energy the energy stored in oil coal and natural gas originally came from the sun we are rapidly consuming the sun's energy that was stored for millions of years in fossil fuels in the next few Generations most of our available fossil fuels will be used [Music] up [Music] when the sun's energy is stored in plants and fossil fuels only electrons not nuclei are affected the sun's energy changes the orbit of the electron the nucleus however is not affected the atom gives up the acquired energy when the electron jumps back to its original orbit in chemical burning the nucleus is not affected only the electrons however we can release energy from the nucleus through nuclear fishion this is a model of the most complex atom found in nature the uranium atom scientists have discovered that if the nucleus is bombarded with a neutron it's splits the atom apart freeing other neutrons to split still more nuclei this is what is called a chain reaction the splitting of a nucleus is called nuclear fishion let's keep track of the atomic units we began with uranium 235 it usually splits into two parts whose masses are almost alike this is the sum of the units from the two new elements the net loss amounts to nearly 10% so with each new fision mass is converted into energy and particles are released to continue the process this is what happens in an atom bomb our knowledge of the atom has placed a special responsibility on all future generations for now we have in our care a tremendous power capable of destroying all [Applause] [Music] mankind [Music] the fishing reaction in a bomb is explosive but using special techniques the rate of fishing can be held to Safe limits and energy harnessed for peaceful purposes nuclear fishings byproducts can be very hazardous if not properly disposed of [Music] it will only benefit mankind if it is coupled with a sense of social responsibility to provide the abundance of power needed to match the needs of future [Music] Generations [Music] many different kinds of insects live in and around fresh water the damsel fly like many others lays its eggs in the [Music] water the female damel fly inserts its abdomen in the water and leaves its eggs where they will hatch and eventually develop into mature insects [Music] other insects like the water Strider spend most of their lives on the surface whirly gig beetles are also creatures of the surface they travel on top of the water most of the time but occasionally these Beatles are found beneath the surface along with other kinds of insect life many aquatic animals are swimming through the water here others such as this large insect known as a water bug are quietly attached to the plants aquatic insects may be observed in an aquarium which recreates their natural environment insects for an aquarium can be collected in a variety of ways some can be scooped from beneath the surface with a net many specimens can be taken from almost any brook or pond in this way others can be captured with a net on the surface aquatic insects can be transported in jars or buckets and placed in an aquarium for observation but water alone will not recreate the natural habitat sand and rocks must be added so that those insects like dragonfly nymphs which live along the bottom will be able to carry on their lives as usual there should also be green plants as food for some insects and to provide oxygen if the plants do not give off enough oxygen an oxygenator should be set up this will help keep the water fresh and wholesome some of the insects which develop into adults with wings may fly away if the aquarium is not covered and many of these aquatic insects will feed on one another if they are not separated into individual tanks so we may want to set up several aquariums now now we can begin observing our insects to find out how they live one thing we will notice is that some like this Beetle are plant eaters they get their nourishment from leaves and stems others are meat eaters they feed on animals and take their nourishment from flesh this dragonfly nymph half buried at the bottom eats other animals such as fly larvey this is another predacious insect it stalks its prey slowly it has a long mouth part which reaches out to capture its food it may feed on small animals like these or even attack another carnivore such as this damsel fly nymph and there are also a host of other creatures like this water beetle which can act as scavengers feeding on animals that are dead or dying scavengers help keep the water clean if it were not for them the water might become very polluted as these insects go about getting their food each one plays an important part in the balance of nature which makes life possible green plants Plante eaters and flesh eaters all fit into a food chain which supports life in the water but most of these insects need to move just to find their food many kinds of locomotion can be observed some like the whirly gig beetles swim on the surface but they can also move underwater whenever this becomes necessary others like the larv of the water Beetle will sometimes be seen walking along the bottom and sometimes swimming through the Water by paddling their feet some dragonfly nymphs take in water and shoot themselves along with a kind of jet propulsion some water beetles swim around the plants as they search for the dead or dying creatures which are their food or else these scavengers move in and out among the rocks which may hide morsels of food that have dropped to the bottom this water Beetle has webike membranes on its hind feet these make its legs function almost like ores the back swimmer moves along upside down just beneath the water surface it has long paddle-like legs for moving around the back swimmer eats food from the surface and breathes air when it's Air Supply is diminished the back swimmer will push its abdomen above the water for more many nymphs such as those of the mayfly and dobsonfly take oxygen from the water like fish they breathe through gills along the sides of their bodies the dragonfly nymph also takes oxygen from the water the water goes in and out through the back of the nymph's body if ink is dropped into the water near the dragonfly nymph's tail we can see the currents which are set up as the nymph breathes inside the body oxygen is removed from the water and used to support the insect's life many insects like this water scavenger Beetle must continually go to the surface to take in air air is drawn along the outside of the antenna and stored on the underside of the body and beneath the wing covers the water scorpion is often seen backing toward the surface it breathes air through a long tail-like tube the tube is pushed above the surface to reach air as we continue observing these insects we may see them mol and leave their empty exoskeletons behind we will see them reproduce each in its own way here a female water bug lays eggs on the back of its mate the male carries them through the water as it swims along after food and it will carry the eggs wherever it goes until they develop and hatch so the cycle of Life continues generation after [Music] generation yet many of these insects spend only a part of their lives beneath the surface they leave as soon as they are mature these empty exoskeletons of dragonfly nymphs show that the dragon flies have matured and left the water they have entered a new stage in their life cycles but these aquatic insects cannot be understood without knowing something of the underwater stages of their lives many of them live most of their days beneath the surface and emerge into the air only to mate and repr [Music] produce so I'm having a weird sound problem I don't know if you can hear it or if you heard it during the film but um even though the film has ended um at some point it freaked out and the audio dropped out so I was trying to fix that and then during this film aquatic insect that I showed I was hearing the rewinding sound of the film even though there was no film rewinding and so who knows what's going on I have no idea crazy uh all right uh so it's time to learn about equations and how that they are actually number sentences are you ready for that number sentences [Music] enjoy these men are experiencing a condition of weightlessness because their airplane is following a special path determined by an equation this rocket will travel through space along a path based on many equations this familiar equation expresses the relationship between the area base and height of a rectangle tangle this and other equations Express numerical relationships what is a numerical relationship we can illustrate a very simple one with Jane and her brother Bill Jane is 2 years younger than bill now this sentence doesn't tell us the age of either one but a reasonable guess based on the human lifespan is that Jane could anywhere from 1 to 98 years of age and Bill from 3 to 100 suppose we represent Jane's age by X we call x a variable because it can be replaced with any one of these numbers we can let another variable y represent Bill's age since Bill's age is 2 years more than Jan's we can also represent Bill's age by x + 2 then x + 2 and Y represent the same number we write this as x + 2 equals y and call it an equation we may think of an equation as a number sentence written as an equality between two expressions we can describe other numerical Relationships by means of equations let's think about time we know that North America is divided into time zones when it is 10:00 in Washington D.C three time zones to the West in Juno Alaska it is 3 hours earlier 7:00 in Washington when it is 2:00 it is 3 hours earlier or 11:00 in Juno notice that when we use the hours on a clock the number before one is not zero but 12 and there are no negatives now if x represents the time in hours in Washington DC and Y the corresponding time in Juno we can write the equation that expresses the time relationship between the two cities x - 3 equal y to find the time in Juno y we subtract 3 hours from the time in Washington DC X for another example let's consider just Washington DC in our nation's capital building the Senate of the United States meets according to our constitution the total number of Senators depends on the number of states the Senate is always composed of two senators from each state so at any time during our nation's history if x were the number of states then 2x would equal the number of Senators which we can also represent by y the equation 2x = y shows two ways of representing the same number of Senators and it also shows a relationship between the number of states X and the number of Senators y so we've seen three simple equations each involving two variables now let's take the relationship between Jan's and Bill's ages to show that when one of the variables is repl reped by a number the corresponding value of the other variable can be found using this equation about their ages we can find out how old Jane was when Bill was 5 years old we know X Jane's age + 2 equal y Bill's age if we substitute Bill's age of five for y we now have an equation with only one unknown which is easy to solve 3 + 2 = 5 so when Bill was 5 years old Jane was three 3 is the solution to the equation x + 2 = 5 3 is the only replacement for X in the equation x + 2 = 5 that will make the sentence true we call three the truth set or solution set of x + 2 = 5 so we know that when Bill was five Jane was three but let's look at the original equation about Jane's and Bill's ages not only does it show us that when Jane was three bill was five but it also shows that when Jane is 20 bill will be 22 when Jane is 61 bill will be 63 so you see there is not just one solution to this equation but but a great many pairs of numbers of which these are only a few we usually write each such pair in a single parenthesis with a comma between notice that we wrote The Replacements for X as the first number in each case and the corresponding replacements for y as the second because the order makes a difference these pairs are called ordered pairs each of these ordered pairs makes the sentence EXP + 2 = y a true statement and is called a solution of the equation the set of these and all the other ordered pairs that make the sentence true is called the solution set of the equation now we stopped the solution set with the ordered pair 6163 but we could have gone on since an indefinite number of ordered pairs would satisfy the equation but remember we limited Jan's and Bill's ages to 98 and 100 so we would have only reasonable answers this set of ordered pairs is only part of the solution set of x + 2 = y the part which we consider sensible because there is only one value of y for each replacement of X the set is called a function the function defined by the equation x + 2 = y but with the Restriction that X is a natural number not larger than 98 the set of first numbers in these pairs the set which represents Jane's age in this case is called the domain of the function the set of second numbers is called the range of the function for the equation about the time in Washington and Juno both the domain and range of the function are the numbers 1- 12 representing the A and p.m. hours of the day and the domain of the equation relating Senators to States could be the numbers from 13 through 50 showing a certain increase in the number of States during our nation's history the range then would be the set of numbers from 26 to 100 now let's return to Bill and Jane and the simple equation about their ages as we saw the solution set of this equation contains many ordered pairs here is the relationship between Janes and Bill's actual ages now the sum of their ages is 26 years we can translate this into an equation x + y = 26 now we can further limit the ages we can use since we can see that Jane is probably not under 10 or over 13 so we will take the natural numbers from 10 through 13 as the domain of the new function now what ordered pairs make the sentence x + y = 26 a true statement 10 and 16 11 and 15 12 and 14 13 and 13 this makes up the solution set of the equation but notice this ordered pair is the only only one of the set that also belongs to the solution set of the first equation about Jane and Bill x + 2 = y 12 + 2 = 14 so Jane is 12 and Bill is 14 and the sum of their ages is 26 from these simple equations about Bill and Jane to the complicated equation that guides an airplane into a path of weightlessness is a a big jump but they all illustrate the use of equations number sentences which state that two expressions represent the same [Music] number what a way to end a tranquil film about um numeric equations um that reminds me so during the maps or fun that uh intro film uh sound a soundtrack song is also used in Our obligation uh the film where uh we see a fire in a school and see children jumping to their death so that that song it just it's a setup like I hear it I'm immediately a little anxious and I'm like uhoh things are going to go horribly wrong um that's the thing about reusing um songs uh and background music is that sometimes uh a film might impress on you um something um anyways uh yeah I don't have another film setup um but I very much appreciate you guys tuning in today so tomorrow I've got a doctor's appointment which is really annoying um uh because I'm going to have a surgical appointment on uh next next Monday um to deal with this issue that I have related to a bike accident that I had when I was 12 so tomorrow is not going to be I I'm not sure if it's going to be live or not I'm going to pre-record a show but if you are itching to see me show films live you can go to dhill library uh where I'll be doing a live screening uh where I'm the expert uh it's at the aidell Cloyd Auditorium where I saw countless uh 16 mm foreign films part of their International Film series and uh so I'll be there at 7 o'clock showing some films um I haven't decided what I'm going to show yet because I it's kind of a it's like yay I get to show what I want um so I have to make it kind of fit um and get people students interested in it um but uh yeah 7 o'clock free um DHL Library which is on Hillsboro Street and then I may or may not be live tomorrow during my show but otherwise I'll be back on Wednesday it'll be great um very much appreciate you guys tuning in and hope you have a great rest of your day if you like what you saw hit thumbs up hit the like button um then also you can uh support us by using the super thanks button which Jeremy did earlier thank you Jeremy or go to kfi.com avgeeks or patreon.com avgeeks those are all great ways to say thank you all right everybody have a great rest of your Monday it's nice outside it's not rainy and gross so maybe I'll do some chores outside I don't know take care bye that