AV Geeks 1000! (part 2)

all right how's everybody doing um all right here is onion farming enjoy you [Music] [Music] [Music] for [Music] [Applause] oh [Music] e [Music] speee [Music] foree [Music] [Music] foree [Music] [Music] for [Music] [Music] the [Applause] [Music] [Music] [Music] might [Music] [Music] go [Music] for [Music] for [Music] spee [Music] so there was some nudity in there thanks kaan you're welcome Christmas I mean we had a illustration of an erect penis earlier today so yeah we're just going for it just going for it you know I'm just one of those I'm just one of those 80s kids that feels like you have to have the obligatory boob show up no matter what you know even if the scene doesn't call for it oh what the hell yeah just call it cin skinat it was tasteful though right it was tasteful it was culturally appropriate that whole series is really great um all right they can see my back as I talk about threading you know there's there some action yeah my my big orange back I know it's super exciting but you know I I talked about trying to get like a remote uh webcam but those are like $500 and maybe we just need like you just need like that boxer thing where like you have like advertisements on the back of your shirts and on your shoulder time you turn around yeah Chico Bail Bonds all right got another film here because that's what we do is we watch films uh we have so many films to watch so um we're at 12h hour mark 12h hour mark my my camera is super res low resolution now I don't know what's going on let me see oh that's weird yeah I don't know what's happening um I might be sending too much or I'm not sure what's going on anyways uh maybe I maybe I'm blurry because that's how I feel we've been doing this 12 hours and uh I'm I'm just a smear I'm smeared all out um but uh let's uh let's find out let's find out ways to find out enjoy for uh no so there's a sprocket repair tape that is basically now all stuck to the film so I'm manually going past it all so basically somebody shredded this film um so all right here we go you have ways to find out watch and try to figure out how many different ways there are to find [Applause] out [Applause] [Music] do you think that a worm knows when it is wet and rainy how do you think it knows what are the different ways that you and a worm use to find out when it's wet and rainy let's stop the projector and talk about it for a minute see in is one of the very best ways to find out especially when you're hungry after school what do you see that tells you not to take a bite out of a juicy rubber ball what is it you see that lets you know one kind of fruit from another there are lot lots of things you know are happening even when you can't see [Music] them think of all the things you know are happening even when you can't see them hello oh hi M I'm glad you called would you give me a recipe for that special chocolate cake yeah I have a pencil [Music] ready [Music] of and salt and then combine with milk and add the milk to Chocolate how long do I bake it listen something one of the troubles is that mothers have ears too okay goodbye what's going on in there what fell down nothing mom touching is another way to find out sometimes try closing your eyes and find out all the things you know just by feeling think of all the things you know about just by smelling them or tasting them what did you forget do I have [Music] to even if you didn't feel a piece of soap or see it you could tell that it's soaped by the good clean smell and of of course if you had to make sure you could tell by the taste you can tell lots of things by their taste can't you and now the sun is out how can you tell that it is stopped draining what are the ways to find out um so my uh the webcam on the other computer uh crapped out so um yeah turn this off do that make it better um here I am uh let's see so um one of the things I don't know if you can notice like all that white right there that is a sprocket repair tape so what happens happens is the sprocket holes get torn because the film wasn't uh threaded right and then someone goes and repairs it and what it does is it lay puts a layer of tape over the holes and makes it to where you can run it through a projector again but what happens is over a period of time it starts to get uh gross and sticky and starts to slip because of uh the film itself is shrinking so it's stops lining up and so what was happening is running through here and it was sticking to itself and so that's why it crapped out so there you go that's why that did that all right what do we have here just keep watching more and more films uh what time is it um so like four and a half hours I think and this film is already I can tell it's going to be a problem all right so we're going to watch something that's uh let's see yeah open up parks are for people enjoy all my dreams are warm and tender as I wonder here alone in fields and hills and mountains near my home by the lakes and streams and River where Elms and Willows grow to cover fs and mor is lying low come with me to see the sunset as clouds go Drifting by and cause a different feeling in my mind one of purple yellow hazes and tined blue and gold like autumn colors painted on the sky open up climb a mountain reach the sky open up stand beside me touch the open up come and walk this plane with me open up your very heart and feel a tree [Music] in the coolness of the evening Shadows Glide across my path their motion putting peace into my soul I yet wait for still and darkness that will bring this day to rest recalling fleeing moments of long ago I heard the voices of wind against the trees like cours of music playing with each Bree making Pleasant Melodies and my heart remember deep the mysteries of Nature and her deed open up climb a mountain reach the sky open up stand beside me touch the SE open up come and walk this plane with me open up your very heart and feel a dream today more leisure time is being devoted to Wholesome outdoor recreation in Virginia's state parks than ever before let's see what Virginia is doing to open her state parks to meet these recreational demands the Virginia division of state parks one of five divisions under the department of conservation and economic development operates numerous state parks natural areas historic attractions including a museum a Cooperative Wildlife Management Area and and the Scenic Trail along with these a number of new areas are being acquired for recreational use and preservation man cannot cope with his environment if he cannot enjoy it by opening up to natural surroundings we can develop more sensitivity to the world around us Virginia state parks are opening up too within the last few years more areas have been acquired and opened up for recreational enjoyment than ever before many new and improved facilities have also been added interest in camping has exploded in recent years in the past many campers have had to be turned away from Parks simply because all the sites were already full to help alleviate this congestion the division of parks became the first Park Service on the east coast to offer an advanced computerized reservation system for campsites and cabins the services of Ticketron a reservation firm that also handles theatrical and sporting reservations have been contracted by the Virginia Park system now a camper or cabin guest May Reserve his accommodation from any Ticketron Center on the East Coast for a nominal service charge you may be assured of a campsite or cabin before arriving at the park the 2700 acre Natural Area at Seashore park has been described as mysterious and exotic unique features are blankets of Spanish moss and breathing Cypress knees the Natural Area is a time capsule obscured somewhere in the 20th century over 40 m of hiking trails and a bicycle trail are interwoven among spectacular flora and fauna [Music] exhibits Seashore is truly a magnificent preservation also in the coastal region is West Morland State Park located near montros this park has water Frontage of more than a mile on the pomac river with a picnic area Beach facilities boat ramp and a fishing pier the top H head Cliffs are excellent campsites here you may explore nature discover a shark's tooth or a [Music] beehive in Chesterfield County approximately 12 miles from the state capital of Richmond is pocah State Park this park offers Two Lakes and elaborate recreational activities near one of the largest population centers in the state the park is named for the famed Indian princes who saved Captain John Smith one of the unique and most recent features of the park is a natural area designed for the physically handicapped a Hands-On exhibit area is available inside the visitor center nearby a handicapped Trail for wheelchairs and the blind winds to an Overlook of Beaver [Music] Lake near burkville in the Tranquility of Prince Edward gallion state forests are Prince Edward and Goodwin Lake State Parks these parks are conveniently adjacent to one another and offer a full range of daytime activities as well as camping Prince Edward has cabins available for rental Bear Creek Lake off us60 near Cumberland and holiday Lake embedded deep within the Buckingham atomatic State Forest are excellent wooded settings in addition to Camping facilities there are dayuse activities [Music] further south bordering the 50,000 acre bugs Island Lake is Stanton River State Park situated on a peninsula in Halifax County Staton River has been associated with a backlog of History ranging from frontier life through the Civil War period up until the present 10 miles of nature trails surround the park which has camping vacation cabins and one of the largest outdoor swimming pools in the state a major part of the park program features water related activities in the western part of Virginia in the mountain region many areas abound with recreational opportunities in the alagan near Clifton Forge is doit State Park outstanding Mountain scenery can be enjoyed on the many miles of hiking trails within the 4 , 500 acre Park the 70 acre Lake provides water sports with campgrounds and cabins nearby in cooperation with the commission of Game and Inland Fisheries a popular trout fishing plan is offered for summer [Music] fishing a lodge is also available for group use clater Lake State Park located near Ratford and Pulaski provides excellent facilities for water SK skiing and boating situated on one of the largest freshwater lakes in Virginia cler Lake features an excellent swimming beach and cabins that Overlook the [Music] lake a complete Marina is also available hungry mother state park near Maran is another outstanding Mountain Park one of the first six original state parks founded in 1936 under the Civilian Conservation Corps hungry mother offers excellent water related activities overnight and weekly accommodations are available in the park nestled in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains near Martinsville is Fairy Stone State Park Legend says these miniature cross formations are crystal IED tears that fairies shed at the news of the death of Christ an excellent Lake provides water [Music] Recreation the peaceful wooded setting surrounding the lake provides a backdrop for many additional activities naturalists also conduct extensive interpretive programs including water tours out door excursionists come to Virginia state parks as Seekers of recreation they also come as Seekers of History a history that has spread from a Grist Mill George Washington owned and operated for three decades near Mount [Music] Vernon to the scars of Sailor Creek Battlefield near Farmville the site of the last major battle of the Civil War the hillsman house overlooking the battlefield was used as a hospital for both the North and the South in wi County near Fort Chiswell stands one of three shot Towers found in the United States today during Frontier Days melted lead was poured down the 75- Ft shaft to make [Music] ammunition another historic reservation is the Southwest Virginia Museum located in bigstone gap exhibits include household appliances educational materials tools and other utensils common in the Virginia mountains the division of state parks also preserves and protects land areas in their natural habitat preservation of such areas as Parker's Marsh and the bare barer Islands on the Eastern Shore are essential to Wildlife and to the many examples of unique plants found in these marshes swamps and grasslands another of the natural preservation areas is Goan pass daytime recreational activity is being planned along the [Music] river and in the nearby [Music] Woods Scenic trails are growing in popularity and the Virginia Park Service is proud to have responsibility for that portion of the Appalachian Trail which passes through the state the freedom to walk with nature is truly available along the trail here one finds peace and Tranquility amid the Splendor of [Applause] nature our need for preserving recreational areas was first envisioned in 1936 when six state parks were formed since the then Virginia state parks have grown considerably but we must not stop growing by the year 2000 about 10 million people will be using Virginia state parks we are gaining more wealth more modes of transportation and more Leisure Time in the past most virgins lived in the country close to Nature they had many recreational activities at hand today our way of life is reversed Virginia is becoming a crowded civilization fields of yesterday are today's parking lots the outdoor environment we once knew is giving way to uncontrolled and unplanned development our woods and Waters are being used by the exploding population they're also being [Music] misused each year in America about 1 million Acres of Virgin land turns beneath the blade of the [Music] bulldozer highways shopping centers and housing developments are replacing our streams and woods everyone cannot own a cabin on a Mountaintop or a Cottage By the Sea but somehow somewhere there should be that one particular place place where an individual can leave the traffic snars and Metropolitan Maze and that some place should be open where everyone May fully enjoy outdoor recreation and nature at its best in the future will Virginians and her guests be able to enjoy the outdoors that we often take for granted this question was recognized in 1964 when the general assembly authorized an outdoor recreation study commission to carefully analyze our remaining resources in Virginia in a report called Virginia's Commonwealth this commission made a number of recommendations including new and improved recreational facilities preservation of more natural areas and the system of Scenic Trails what type of areas are to be preserved and how does the Commonwealth buy land for preservation and Recreation one major factor involved is Master planning a park planner develops ideas on graphic locations that are suitable for recreation or for preservation of the Native environment on the shores of Lake Anna in Spotsylvania County lies one of the Commonwealth's newest state parks our need for preserving natural areas was noted in the middle 60s when the general assembly authorized a state park in Grayson County Grayson Highlands state park is well suited for the kind of activities found close to Nature near Mount Rogers the highest peak in Virginia the setting is majestic here nature will remain unspoiled for man to enjoy the hills come alive with the approach of the annual Mountain Music Festival at the park welcome ladies and gentlemen to the Virginia Highlands Music Festival we're going to have a good one tonight and I don't think it's going to be too cold either by the water where secet the lip are Jennifer was 17 the same AG [Music] at top Hall Orchard Mountain guests will find a visitor center below amid the Rolling Hills a cabin features native handcrafts Autumn comes quickly in the mountains the bright colors of fall give way to the blankets of snow both summer and winter activities are available here in the mountains another area being preserved for future Generations is natural Tuttle State Park in Scott County tucked away in tranquil mountains the tunnel is nearly 900 ft long the entrance is as high as a 10-story building and half a city block wide Stock Creek has patiently carved its way through the tunnel for thousands of [Music] years trains hauling coold look like toys in the chasm this large crater called the amphitheater is twice as high as Niagara Falls a museum tells the history of the railroad that runs through the [Music] tunnel and a mountain Craft Center operated in cooperation with the Mountain Empire Community College features the hand work of the area east of the Blue Ridge near Ron Oak Lynchburg Smith Mountain Lake is a Fisherman's Paradise and a popular place for water sports the site of Smith Mountain Lake State Park in Bedford County is on three peninsulas with a shoreline of more than 10 miles many miles of trails will wind through the woods and a nature center at the park entrance will introduce visitors to the natural features of the forest and Lake in 1968 the state leased okichi State Park from the US Army Corps of Engineers located near Clarksville on bugs Island Lake and named for the famous souths Indians who lived here the park has 600 acres available for camping nature interpretation and Recreation a major part of the park program features water related activities future plans call for expansion of Park land to over 2,000 acres in Northern Virginia there are over a million people and in one generation the population will be four times that near Washington opportunities for outdoor recreation are limited federal state and County governments are cooperating to provide a variety of recreation areas for the most heavily populated region of Virginia in the peaceful beauty of Mason neck on the pomac river Belmont Bay and KES Creek are focal points for water sports being planned are dayuse facilities hiking trails and historical interpretive [Music] programs in another part of the Commonwealth a new State Park will Overlook the historic York River near the colonial capital of Williamsburg the site lies midway between Hampton Roads and Richmond in just one Generation 6 million people are expected to live in this region in addition to the river there's a winding tidal stream called taskus Creek it too is well suited for boating a natural area will preserve the creek and marshes and an interpretive Center and nature trails are also planned farther south on the Majestic James River is Chip O's Plantation the 1400 acre estate was given to all all the people of Virginia by Mrs Victor Stewart who owned the plantation with her late husband for half a century chip Oaks is in Sur County across the river from Jamestown it was part of America's first English colony and the plantation has kept its original boundaries today it's a modern farm visitors to chip Oak's Plantation State Park May observe up-to-date agriculture chip Oaks has a rich past and historic interpretation is to be a major activity a formal Garden one of the largest in Virginia will be a highlight of the plantation tours chip O's Plantation State Park will present a balance of History agriculture Recreation and nature interpretation The Lure of the ocean The Atlantics appeal brings millions of visitors every year to Virginia Beach a new state park is being planned just south of Virginia Beach fals Cape is the southernmost stretch of Beach in Virginia extending 5 miles up the coast from North Carolina this unique area will provide beach and ocean Recreation at its very best beyond the broad Beach are high sand [Music] doomes and behind the Dooms are thick woods with many varieties of plants preservation of the Flora and Fauna is primary and nature interpretation will play a major role in this area on the western side of the mile wide park site is Back Bay a large body of fresh water FS Cape is truly a paradise for recreation as we have seen outstanding areas such as these have been lost to Urban and Industrial growth but a few are being saved for their natural and recreational values as our population expands in the generations after us we can be proud to say we left our descendants a legacy of Rich resources and opportunities come now open up to your natural surroundings become aware of the abundance of open spaces available open up parks are for people open up you very heart and feel a dream [Music] all right um so the uh the scanner I have put to bed uh it it ran 12 hours and then it started freaking out and so we're just going to let it relax uh but that's okay because I have literally thousands of files that we have uh digitized over the years uh and so uh the other thing is that we're also going to be setting up for a music uh music uh thing at 11: and so that's going to require some time and some recabling so I was going to do this at 10:00 anyway so I just did 30 minutes early uh all right uh let's let's try to figure out what's wrong with Archie when I first saw this I thought it was the trouble with archives but yeah enjoy [Music] n [Music] oh what's going on here okay who's the wise guy all right Bingle you can come out of hiding now that was a gag Mr Haley just a gag oh so you think it's funny do you well you're on suspension try to get a laugh out of that now look Mr Haley no you look look and see if you're laughing when when you get your Walking Papers get back to work so you put him on suspension yeah we can't let him get away with that kind of stuff you're right you're right no company can put up with that kind of horse play you're right to take strong action sit down B sit down uh you know the usual steps in disciplining a man well you mean uh uh first warn him then reprimand him and then uh suspend him and then finally discharge him but this is too serious for that cat now deciding the discipline this calls for that's up to you now in this case or any other I'll back you up but look B you lost your temper you ball him out in front of other people and remember the rule about discipline that says never take hastier action than the situation calls for yeah well I know how you feel I feel the same way in your shoes but let's cool off a little huh why we talk about over some lunch okay I guess I've worked up an appeti I think you better not hang around too long Archie you might run into haly thing that gets me I was just in line to get in line to get a job driving a forklift truck could be to do him some good let him take a little responsibility could be what it be good for him is a good swift kick in the ask me Haley's just going to be looking for an excuse to F me yeah if he isn't firing you now it's going to be tough on you going to be rough on you now Bert no just fire him and save all the problems you must remember it costs money to fire a man and train a new one better to save the one you've got if you can make a good worker out of him C I can't be running a rehabilitation center for delinquent no but you might be able to change the man's attitude take a little doing but might be worth it maybe what Pringle needs is a sense of responsibility what Haley needs is a sense of humor why is it whenever anything goes wrong with you it's always somebody else's fault it's not my fault I tried to give the guy a break I'd even look the other way when I'd catch him goofing off you can't be nice to guys like that you got the growl at them every time they turn around that's the only way to keep him in line that's no answer Bert I wouldn't give up on him yet might have a good worker there if you figure out a way to change his attitude I'd think about it [Music] all right Archie you understand now what will happen there's any more trouble yes sir I'm going to expect no more foolishness and I'm going to expect better work you understand yes sir now aie you're in line for consideration for a job coming up in a few weeks driving a fork clip and that's no toy you can do a lot of damage with a fork clip it needs a man who can take responsibility now if you were me would you give that job to a man who had just been on suspension no I guess not well I might now let's see what kind of work you can do in the next few [Applause] [Music] [Applause] weeks okay Arie it's all yours your truck your responsibility I'm going to expect that you're up to it oh before you get carried away the company has some work rules that they want you to know about I'll explain them to you as I go along first off all employees assigned [Music] responsibility [Music] [Music] hey Chuck I still say this thing idles too fast that it a little slower really let me try it that way oh there you are oh hello Mr haly hey that uh that rush job you handled for me yesterday well you did a good piece of work you did a very good job thanks Mr [Music] haly [Music] [Music] [Music] hey I'll do that keep your shirt on get off my [Music] truck all right go [Music] [Applause] on cap cap pringle's been stirring up trouble again now I've had enough I want to get rid of him what happened lson was driving pringle's truck Pringle pulled him off and started a fight what was lson doing with pringle's truck Pringle left it blocking away what do he have to say for himself oh what could he say you mean you haven't asked him B what do you think made Pringle act like this just honory I guess there must be a reason lost was driving pringle's truck Pringle pulled him off and started a fight what was Larson doing with pringle's truck Pringle left it blocking away what do you have to say for for himself oh what could he say you mean you haven't asked him B what do you think made Pringle act like this just honor I guess there must be a reason cuts off um H let me see if I can find another version of that but in the meantime let's watch ways to good habits [Music] enjoy [Music] play ball it's a lot of fun isn't it especially when you can bat as well as Bob Bob's just about the best batter in the game and all the fellows know it they play deep when Bob comes up to bat Jerry wishes he could do as well he's watching to see how Bob does it look without even thinking about it Bob sets his feet so he can really hit the ball he always stands this way and he always holds the bat a certain way and he always keeps his eye on the ball Bob always bats this way and so it's become a habit here comes the pitch it's a hit boy would Jerry like to make a hit like that who wouldn't look at Bob go come on Bob it's our home run well now it's Jerry's turn at bat but he's not the best batter on the team in fact they call Jerry and easy out we can see why by watching how he bats Jerry has batting habits too but they don't help him very much do they and here comes strike two and now well at least Jerry has one good habit he's a good sport he doesn't make a fuss about it he knows he needs to learn how to bat he needs to build the habit of holding the backat the right way and standing the right way but how do you go about building a new habit now Bob he could help if he would help but Bob isn't the friendly sort well Jerry will get him to help Jerry really wants to build new batting habits right now and this is the way to change from an old Habit to a new one first decide what bad habit you want to break and what good habit you want to build then get someone to help you you'll need someone to catch you when you make a mistake start your new habit right away take the very first chance you have to practice your new habit and with someone helping you don't let yourself slip back into the old habit stick to your new habit and practice it Jerry's doing better already isn't he and now that he's started on his new habit of batting he'll find it easier each time he tries all he has to do is keep on practicing then he'll have a new good habit he'll be able to bat the new way without thinking about it but now the game's over and Jerry begins to notice some of the habits the others have there are all sorts of things that we do without even thinking about doing them they are habits see the boy fixing his cap that's Tim it doesn't really matter how he wears his cap but he always puts it on this way without even thinking about it so this is a habit he has and why is Eddie straightening his clothes because it's a habit and it's a good habit don't you think Now Jerry remembers Bob has a habit a habit that's not so good Bob isn't very curious he doesn't try to be friendly and so he doesn't have many friends well if you can break a habit of batting wrong can't you break a habit of not being courteous since Bob helped Jerry Jerry decides to help Bob so as they start home he mentions it why Bob didn't even know he had the habit of not being and courteous but now that he knows about it Bob would like to change to a better habit and he wants Jerry to help him change so they begin to talk about habits many things we do are habits Bob brushes his teeth twice a day and doesn't even have to think about it that's a good habit isn't it whether we get along well or not depends on whether we have good habits or bad habits G sees a girl they know a girl who always makes a habit of picking up her toys when she's through playing don't you think this is a good habit many many things are habits when we have good habits we don't have to think about doing the right things at the corner Bob and Jerry notice another habit they have they always stop and look both ways before they cross the street is this a good habit what do you think now Bob sees how much we all need good habits he decides to build a good habit of speaking courteously Jerry is right here to help him look here comes Mrs Thompson a neighbor here's an opportunity for Bob to start his new habit of being courteous and friendly what will he do that's the way it does please Mrs Thompson yes Bob has made a good start toward building his new habit a good habit now every time he tries he'll find it easier and easier just as Jerry has the easy habit of being friendly and courteous but what's this oh it does pay to build good habits doesn't it now there's one thing more for Bob to do before he really has the new habit of courtesy do you remember what it is he has the practice after he has the Habit he won't have to think about being friendly but at the start he must make sure he speaks to everyone he knows so he'll really get the Habit here's Mr Smith see isn't it easy Bob won't slip back into his old habit he's going to be courteous every time he has a chance what's this another chance already are these children having trouble well Bob can surely be friendly to them and maybe he can help them their new puppy is caught under the porch and they can't get him out but Bob will try he can reach farther than the others and here's the puppy just look at the new friends Bob is making he'll keep on building in the habit of being friendly now and if Bob sticks to his new habit he'll have all the friends he wants you see good habits help us find many things we want do you want good grades in school then start now to build the study habits it will help you do you want good health then build good health habits do you want to learn how to do something how to play an instrument or how to make things or like Jerry how to B then build the good habits that will help you we saw how Jerry said about building his habit let's remember what he did that's the way for all of us to build new habits first decide just what habit you want to build then get someone who knows how to help you start your new habit right away don't let yourself slip back to the old habit practicing your new habit well Bob and Jerry have been practicing their new habits for some time there's another ball game up to bat see it's Jerry they don't know he has a new Hab they'll find out wow now who's the easy out not Jerry he's a real hitter with his new habit and Bob also has a good new habit he's friendly and courteous now and it makes him really part of the Gang so it's really worthwhile to build good habits isn't [Music] it um so I've traded uh complexities the scanner is now no longer on but I'm we're trying to set up for this musical thing we're going to do at 11 and of course a new piece of technology is misbehaving um I found trouble with Archie another scan that I had done but it's black and white so we're going to uh watch the exciting conclusion of trouble with Archie what do you think is going to happen is he going to get fired is he going to be killed we don't know uh let's find out h all right it turns out we're not going to find out what happened with trouble with RG I'm not sure what happened to the soundtrack um I will look again I'll see if I can find another copy uh in the meantime let's work safely in the shop enjoy it's a good thing like I have all these these films set up because it is just it's like juggling plates over here um all right enjoy power tools are fast accurate and safe when properly used now we've used hand tools long enough to build habits of caring for them of using them safely the same habits of care and safety are even more important with power driven tools first of all let's see what safeguards our shop provides notice that there is ample space for each power tool each one is set apart by marking on the floor only the operator or an authorized helper may enter this area area most machines are equipped with guards to help keep fingers away from the Sharp Tools there are waste cans and brushes so they're kept Clean and Free of Hazards materials are stored neatly out of the work area and flammable liquids are stored in safety containers away from open Flames all all these safeguards and many more are provided in the shop but they alone will not guarantee safety that depends on what we do how should we prepare ourselves partly in the clothing we wear for shop work husky leather shoes help protect the feet against dropped tools or materials clothes that are comfortably loose give you freedom of movement sleeve should be short or rolled up above the elbows avoid dangling neck Ties That might get caught in the machine yes the clothing you wear can help you keep safe in the shop there are other ways to prepare yourself you will want to review the instructions for the machine and operation you're going to perform you will do your share toward keeping the shop neat the machines brushed off the floor clear of scraps the aisles open for traffic you'll build the habit of staying outside the restricted areas about each machine except when you're actually using the machine finally you'll learn the skills of operating each machine safely here is the grinder used for keeping tools sharp set the tool rest close to the wheel no more than a 16th of an inch away be sure the grinding wheel is properly guarded a glass Shield is good eye protection and you may want to wear goggles for Extra Protection stand aside when you start the wheel just in case it's defective now hold the tool firmly in both hands and ease it against the wheel don't crowd the wheel try to use the whole width of the wheel to prevent grooving it see the Sparks Fly you'll be glad your eyes are protected you'll be glad you know how to use the grinder safely how is your skill with a circular saw see what you can learn here we're going to make a rip or length wise cut is this the proper blade for ripping right this type blade is set so that it will project 1/8 to 1/4 in above the board for ripping use the fence to guide your work checking it with the parallel grooves on the table make sure the guard is down over the blade now you're ready to turn on the motor set your feet so you stand with good balance and out of the line of the board in case it should kick back now ease the board along keeping it snugly against the fence but not rushing it past the blade as you near the end of the cut make sure you keep your fingers well away from the blade turn the motor off before you do anything else but now suppose you have to rip a narrow piece off AB board set the guard up out of the way use the fence as before but there isn't much room between the fence and the saw blade what now watch and see once the cut is well started use a pusher stick and easily push the work through without bringing your fingers near the blade now shut off the motor and wait till the blade stops run the blade all the way down that's the safe way to leave it brush off the sawdust put the guard down for added safety well how is your skill with the circular saw could you do that well safely what about the band saw suppose you wanted to cut an ornamental curve make sure the saw is not running adjust the upper saw guide to slightly more than the thickness of your work check other adjustments measure the blade to make sure it will take the curves you plan to cut review your notes also some band saws have this information in chart form on the machine feed your work slowly never crowding the Blade Take it especially easy on the sharper turns if the saw should bind turn off the power and wait till the blade stops before backing up the work keep your mind and your eyes on the work keep your fingers clear of the blade and all will go well next let's have a look at the drill press see if you can figure out the safe way to produce accurate holes fast what's the cap for do your shop rules require a cap to keep your hair away from the revolving Parts note that the work is clamped securely to the table do you know why there's an extra board underneath bring the drill down slowly and easily Don't Force It Through then ease up as the drill is about to break through and there you are fast accurate work done safely other machines in our shop help us and need to be used with care when you use the jointer be sure to use the protecting guard and when you're planing The Pusher should be used as a safety measure a Disc Sander is used for shaping and finishing operations but let the sander do the work don't crowd too closely and work on the downward side of the disc of course we still use our hand tools too keeping them clean storing them neatly helps keep them in good condition well are you ready to work safely remember our shop is equipped with useful tools and with safeguards to help us use them safely we come to the shop properly closed safety conscious and instructed in the safe way to use tools the end result of skillful work is such pleasing and useful products as say these made the right way which is the safe way and the best [Music] way can you hear me oh there it is oh my god um yeah as we are entering our thir 13th Hour uh the the fairies the good technology fairies have uh gone to sleep and now there is no safety net uh we are left to our own devices here and uh things are not voting well with technology as far as why it's making sense and why it's not making sense uh for example uh I do not have a complete copy of trouble with Archie uh that has sound and I this has been this way for 5 years uh I do not know what happened it's really crazy uh so I'm just going to tell you what happened um his supervisor was mad but then the the boss was like well you know give him another chance talk him talk to him about it figure out what happened uh and so Archie gets a letter in his file um that he's put on suspension but he still gets to keep his job and eventually he gets uh a promotion so there's a good good that happens to Archie and maybe he hooks up with that girl I don't know maybe like to think so all right so what do we got here um oh boy where is that man all right where is it oh wait is that it no there it is okay uh so now let's watch spinal column structure [Music] enjoy [Music] man's marvelous body is constructed for strength as well as for free and graceful movement this freedom of movement depends upon intricate systems of Bones muscles and nerves this film is primarily concerned with one part of the Bony framework of the body the spinal or vertebral column this is the spinal column consisting of 33 Bones the upper part of the spinal column is joined to the base of the skull it is joined in a way that gives firm but flexible support in this unusual x-ray photograph you can see these parts of the body in action lower down the bones of the spinal column serve as the rear supports for the ribs and their attachments together with the ribs this column also helps to support the shoulder girdle at its base the spinal column is firmly connected with the bones of the pelvis this supports the upper parts of the body and forms the upper connections of the lower limbs a very important function of the spinal column as a whole is to provide a well protected path for the spinal cord this cord is the extension of the central nervous system from the brain while the average spinal canal is about 27 in Long the spinal cord averages only about 17 or 18 in a pair of spinal nerves appear between each vertebral Arch the fully developed spinal color usually consists of 33 bones each of these bones is called a vertebrae the bones are grouped into spinal regions the cervical the thoracic the lumbar the sacral and the coyal the sacral and coidal are shown here as one unit in the adult the five sacral vertebrae are fused this shows how the assembled spine is positioned in the body this is the spinal column in a reclining position note the location of the pelvis or hip bone there are four major curvatures in the spinal column there is a convex or forward curvature in the cervical region and another in the lumbar region there is a concave or backward curvature in the Thora iic region and another in the sacr coxal region wedge-shaped discs of connective tissue help hold the vertebrae apart the shape of these wedges account for the curvatures in the spine the wedg shaped discs of cartilage and the curvatures give elasticity to a person's movements and help absorb shocks openings between the base of the arches of the vertebrae provide entrances and exits for the nerves of the spinal cord and for the associated blood vessel from most vertebrae project small extensions of bone which form joints with similar extensions of the vertebrae above and below it other more prominent extensions extend backward and to the sides to form spines to which muscles and ligaments ments are attached these form joints which Aid movements of the trunk and prevent the individual vertebra from slipping forward or backward there are differences as well as similarities among the different vertebrae for example the first two cervical vertebrae are unlike any of the others this one is called the atlas because it supports the head as the mythological Atlas was thought to support the world on his shoulders it lacks body and Spine and has two large surfaces on which the skull can rock this x-ray picture shows the action the second vertebrae is called the axis it has a bony part that serves as a pivot of rotation for the atlas on the axis the remaining cervical vertebrae are quite similar except for the long spine of the seventh vertebrae the position of this vertebra may be easily seen when the head is bent forward taken together these seven cervical vertebrae in the spinal column help provide freedom of movement for the head and to cushion the head from shock in the thoracic region there are 12 vertebrae each of these 12 vertebrae is somewhat larger than those of the cervical region these vertebres serve as points of Anchorage for the ribs they permit the slight movement of the heads of the ribs that is required in breathing in most people the first join to one vertebrae only the next nine join the spinal column at the joints between adjacent vertebrae the 11th and 12th ribs the so-called floating ribs each is joined to a single vertebrae like the first rib we remove the rib cage to show the location of the kidneys stomach liver Heart and Lung this is how the ribs form a protective housing for them and with the five lumbar vertebrae these bony structures for a partial protection for much of the intestinal tract the lumbar vertebrae are larger and stronger than those above being lower they are subjected to Greater weight bearing and strain the lowest lumbar vertebra is joined with the sacrum the sacrum in turn is joined to the bones of the pelvic area and forms a protection for the intestines the bladder and and the reproductive organs this cut section shows the inside of the spinal column ligaments hold the vertebrae together help achieve firmness and at the same time allow for flexibility inside the rear of the spinal canal all the vertebrae are united by a ligament along the front of the canal runs a second and much stronger ligament in addition to these another Li connects the bodies of adjacent vertebrae in the front of the column body muscles also have important functions in the maintenance and movement of the spine the great sacral spinalis muscle on each side holds the spine in an erect position see how it divides into three columns on each side which become attached to ribs and vertebrae at different levels the ligaments and muscles that attach to the verteb prevent the vertebral column from bending too far thus affording a protective role in preventing damage to the nerve cord and a crushing action on the internal organs the human body is a group of interrelated machines with the spinal column as their axis good posture means that the body is held erect so that the body mechanisms function normally while position and balance are maintained with a minimum of muscle strain under these conditions none of the curves of the spinal column is exaggerated slender and rapidly growing children often have postural trouble two procedures may help remedy this condition one is the use of food such as milk which helps build stronger bones and muscles the other is to make certain one gets plenty of rest bad body mechanics may be the result of stooping to avoid calling attention to excessive height good posture is merely the reflection of good body mechanics and good body mechanics depend in large measure upon the intricately built axis of body movement the spinal column in this film we have seen that the spinal column consists of 33 specialized bones grouped in different regions we have also seen how the parts of the spinal column are related with other parts of the Bony structure and with the nerves and muscles the Curves in the spinal column and the connective tissue wedges between the different vertebrae provide the flexibility and resilience required for movements of the human body the spinal column is the axis of the human structure it makes possible the body's wonderful freedom of movement and helps to give us flexibility and [Music] strength can you guys hear me um so uh technolog has been going nuts over here and uh so I'm going to take a break and say uh thank you for watching um in spite of all the technical problems and uh I don't know I I kind of went back to this uh webcam uh on this computer I've I've got two computers running here and then behind me I've got another computer that's not the scanner computer so that's another computer and then so there's too many computers right off the bat um all right so uh let's see um you can support us by hitting uh by going to patreon.com avgeeks uh or kfi.com avgeeks those are great ways to support us and I saw Richie Richie bags Richie rugs I did that some time ago and I did not acknowledge it because things were going nuts over here um the other thing is uh hit the like And subscribe button and tell the internet that we deserve to live and um you know maybe the internet has something to do with what I'm going through right now I'm not sure who knows so all right um we've got I haven't shown a single NASA film up to this point and I got NASA films so here we go let's uh let's watch a NASA film [Music] enjoy [Music] this is the greatest Force ever applied to move a vehicle this is the cluster of Rocket engines boosting the Saturn vehicle free of gravity straight up Saturn is the largest rocket ever produced by the United States not a military rocket Saturn was designed solely as a space vehicle it can carry multi-ton payloads into Earth orbit or to the moon and the scientific space exploration by Saturn Rockets will lead eventually to placing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth but all the missions plan for Saturn hinge on one essential element of space rocketry power power built into a propulsion system a propulsion system capable of enormous concentrated reliable amounts of rocket power for the level of propulsion power fixes how far we can go or how much we can do in space in Saturn the propulsion system has enough muscle to carry science into deep space this initial version of Saturn embodies the multi-stage concept the propulsion system is integrated into vehicle design and function throughout the separate stages each stage successively thrusts the Saturn to Greater height and velocity the payload riding at the top of the vehicle is finally released in space at the point calculated to perform its planned Mission here and here are the individual rocket engines grouped in clusters tied together to function as a single unit but perhaps before we get deeper into Engine Systems we might reexamine some of the fundamentals of rocketry rocket propulsion and Rocket engines engines we're surrounded by them Auto engines boat engines aircraft engines this is an engine used by the Wright brothers and one of of their first airplanes like most of the engines we know and its highly developed successors this is an internal combustion engine our Saturn rocket engines are entirely different species they work on a different principle the reaction principle rocketry and the Saturn engines of course owe a credit to Sir Isaac Newton in his third law of motion he stated for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction for example in shooting a gun the action of the rapidly expanding gases moving forward generates an equal force moving to the rear for every action there's an equal reaction in fact the action of the boy hitting the Earth causes a measurable reaction by the Earth mathematically estimated a reaction rated at about one trillionth of an inch in 56 years however the rocket engineer confines the reaction he contrives and gains a maximum controlled effect power like this if we fill a sphere with highly pressurized gases there can be no action and reaction the pressures are equal in all directions and the gas remains motionless but if a hole is cut in the sphere the pressurized gas rushes to escape thus we have an imbalance of pressure in the sphere in these two directions similarly if we fill a balloon with compressed air there is a greater pressure within the balloon than outside when we release the air within the balloon the column of air escaping sets up a momentum going in One Direction and the reaction in the other direction acting as pressure on the interior of the balloon propels our little rocket if we look at a representation of a rocket engine's thrust chamber we see the same principle applied through combustion in the thrust chamber great amounts of energy are released hot expanding gas escapes through the nozzle throat because of the design of the nozzle the mass of escaping gas molecule is accelerated rapidly this kinetic energy bursting from the nozzle exit at supersonic speed generates an enormous force from the mass and acceleration of the gas flow is computed a basic measurement of rocket power thrust the reaction to this thrust is expressed in pressure against the top of the ch chamber here against the sides here and against the interior walls of the nozzle here forcing the thrust chamber and with it the entire body of the rocket upward oh and one other thing many people in the past thought that the rocket required a solid body of atmosphere to push against in order to move incorrect the thrust generated by the engine upwards must overcome the pressure of the atmosphere as the rocket gains altitude the atmospheric pressure is reduced and so you see not only does the rocket not have to push against Earth's atmosphere but the net effect of atmospheric pressure is to reduce the Rocket's efficiency these first principles of rocket propulsion are simple that is compared to problems of turning principles into Hardware in the form of high thrust High reliability engines intensive development of rocket propulsion technology began only a very few years ago many areas of science contributed to the development of Rocket engines such as this and all the existing Frontiers years of development and production knowledge had to be advanced in propellent chemistry to provide new higher energy safely handled propellant combinations new materials were needed new Metals Plastics Ceramics capable of withstanding new levels of stress shock and vibration and heat fabrication techniques had to be devised and then improved continuously to Manu facture and assemble the new components conceived by engine designers then the test programs when the hardware materialized component by component patterns of repetitive testing were developed to prove out the designs and structures to measure performance to build up reliability a cycle of test measurement evaluation and improvement over and over from this technical evolution came a rocket propulsion industry and the Saturn propulsion system all rocket engines now used by Saturn have these characteristics all are liquid propellant engines tanks forming the rocket superstructure carry propellants the engines are bipropellant that is they use a combination of a fuel and an oxidizer the feed system is the heart of engine operation it delivers the propellants to the engine and consists of a centrifugal pump and a turbine to drive the pump a gas generator provides a hot gas jet to drive the turbine the fuel is rooted through the many tubes which stack together form the thrust chamber in this manner the fuel cools the chamber and protects it from the high combustion gas gas temperatures within oxidizer and fuel pump fed at high pressure through an injector meet finally in the thrust chamber this controlled explosion is sustained evenly by constant propellent flow rates full duration of engine operation is about 2 minutes as we said Saturn achieves its great power by grouping or clustering individual engines in the booster stage eight H1 engines are mounted in a pattern of two squares nine propellant tanks are clustered vertically above the engines five contain the oxidizer liquid oxygen and four hold the fuel kosine the propulsion system is also the means of directional control for Saturn the outer four booster engines upon a signal from the Rocket's control computer can shift thrust Direction and thus stabilize the vehicle against aerodynamic forces and adjust the vehicle's course upper stage engines are smaller producing 15,000 lb of thrust and designed for efficiency at high altitudes but these engines gain a high energy value by using liquid hydrogen as fuel hydrogen permits an energy increase of more than 50% over the more conventional kerosene used in booster engines however to use the hydrogen liquid oxygen combination Engineers have had to learn how to handle and apply hydrogen an extremely reactive element in its liquid state it is so cold it boils at 423 de below zero scheduled to join the satn family of Rocket engines later is the J2 also an upper stage hydrogen fueled engine rated at a 200,000 lb thrust level a new engine the M1 also a hydrogen engine engine will produce more than 1 million pounds of thrust and approaching an operational stage is the mammoth F1 engine the largest rocket engine under development in this country continuously Engineers of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration are developing the propulsion elements of the Saturn Vehicles here held fast in the static test stand at Marshall space flight Center Huntsville Alabama a booster section under Go full duration [Music] firing the eight engines speak with a unified sound of 1 and 1 12 million lbs of thrust each of the eight engines turns out three times as much propulsion as the largest jet airliner each engine pump now pulling propellants from the tanks could drain a railroad tank Bank car in 2 minutes and right now the total booster power is about 32 million horsepower if converted it would generate electricity for any three Western States including Texas all this has been said in trying to describe by comparison the power potential of Saturn the power potential of Saturn in only a few short years the power and effectiveness of flight propulsion devices has progressed from this engine to engines comprising the propulsion system of Saturn and that system makes it possible to multiply the capability of our first satellite by 1,000 times the power equation is inbalance rocket power is the key to Greater accomplishments in space Saturn propulsion systems will provide this [Music] power um yeah uh we digitized a bunch of NASA films uh for uh North Carolina State University libraries because there was an alumnus who was a PR guy who uh NASA was one of his clients and so he donated a bunch of films and video that he had to the library and then we digitized it for them um and so some there's some of the cool stuff uh all right what do we got uh I have a little bit longer film here because we're going to start getting ready for the performance that's going to be at uh 11: um which will drive you all away I don't know it's going to be very cathartic for me but uh it might be too much well we we'll see what happens but uh before we do I want to adjust something real quick I'm going to flip over this will just give you a sneak peek of what we're working on um and we're back okay this is of men and machines [Music] enjoy from the moment of his birth man machines machines can prolong his life and they can end it abruptly the study of men and machines the systematic effort to make their Rel possible in a world that grows ever more complex is one of the the newest branches of psychology it also seems destined to be one of the most important this field of psychology is known as human engineering and its Pioneers are the engineering [Music] psychologists [Music] I'm John Darley I'm in the control tower at the Idle Wild airport about 250,000 years ago man picked up a stone and made an axe like this one for the next quarter of a million years not very much happened at least not from the standpoint of engineering psychology because man continued to work with very simple tools but since the Industrial Revolution things have picked up quite a bit here for example at this busy Airfield we can see how far and how fast we've C when machines get this complicated how does man cope with it has become the job of the engineering psychologist to find out the study of man's behavior is the provin of psychology and in today's world our behavior is very much linked to the machines in the home on the roads at work we are almost never without a machine of some kind therefore it has become the responsibility of engineering psychologists to study man's behavior with his friend and enemy The Machine during it after World War II many psychologists tackle this increasingly complex relationship Kennedy Taylor Morgan chapanis cap off in England barlet and Broadband among others one of the Pioneers is Dr Paul m f of the University of Michigan engineering psychology thinks of man's relation to machine as a kind of dialogue in which the man and machine exchange information but this information exchange sometimes breaks down for example the housewife in setting the control on her oven sometimes sets it too high so that the roast Burns or the driver reaching to turn off the windshield wiper uh turns off the headlights instead engineering psychologists attempt to eliminate such confusion not by changing man's habits but by changing the machine they attempt to discover how machines can be designed so that the machine will speak a language which man understands this means I believe that we should study man's habits determine his natural reactions to uh stimulate do experiments such as this simple stimulus respon response compatibility study can you hear me all right yes this time we're going to test your speed and accuracy of response to signals in this case just the center light will come on and when you see that light you were to respond just as quickly as you can all right are you ready your reaction time was .17 your movement time was 0.11 reset the CL this time we're going to make it a bit more complicated instead of just the center light coming on any one of the nine lights may appear your task again is to put your finger on the button as quickly as you see the light all right are you ready your reaction time was 33 your movement time was .18 as you can see man does best when there are no Alternatives when we increase the number of Alternatives in this experiment man's reactions increase by about 50% but the task is still a highly compatible one that is man's reactions are very natural ones and he practically never makes an error let's see now what happens when we separate the stimulus and the response and man must control from a distance as is often the case in the man machine dialogue all right this time we have a more complicated task the signal will appear on this panel up here and you were to respond as before on these buttons down here again touch the is touch the appropriate Button as soon as the light comes on are you ready okay your reaction time was 63 your movement time was. 17 the biggest source of confusion in man machine communication arises when the brain has to translate and interpret information the next step in our experiment is of this sort the experimenter rotates the display so that it appears to be seen upside down and and in a miror reaction time and now may be longer than a second and you will notice that the subject's movements are uncertain and sometimes made to the wrong target uh he can no longer use natural reactions in responding to the stimulus lives each step in which we have reduced the compatibility between man and machine has resulted in a fractional increase in the subject's reaction time at first this uh increase fractions of a second may seem trivial until one considers that a machine such as an airplane flies hundreds of feet uh in a second here a lack of compatibility is a matter of life and death a lack of compatibility means that the pilot makes errors his reaction time slows down this is exactly what was happen happening to some of our pilots in World War II when engineering psychology first got started in this country as a matter of fact it started right here in the cockpits of our planks we had the cream of American Youth preparing for air combat and yet about one in every hundred was being killed in a training [Music] accident why it was our job to find out Pilot's Arrow most of these accidents were called on the reports but we engineering psychologists thought differently we talked to the pilots and they called it engineering design era Pilots era hell that's an engineering era he had half a second to flip over to his reserve tank and it takes three try it once and see I can see how it happened the two levers are exactly alike in an emergency you don't have time to look you just grab everybody that flies at aircraft has has trouble they feel for one knob and grab another they never flown the plane before the whole instrument panel is different you look around for the air speed indicting at someplace else obviously it was not the pilots then what was it we started with the instrument panel every indicator on it is important to a pilot but six of them are vital these are the six they tell the pilot his position and his rates of movement in three-dimensional space but there was no standard Arrangement and so each time the pilot flew a different type of aircraft he had to learn a new arrangement of the instruments in order to find out what arrangement would shorten eye movements reduce decision time and save lives we photographed measured and timed actual eye movement patterns of pilots in Flight as a next step we converted all the data to schematic drawings compared them and found that one Arrangement required the least amount of eye movements and was clearly Superior to all the rest today this Arrangement is standard in all military and most civilian aircraft and the pilots like it they call it the sacred six but one of the six was not so sacred the standard altimeter this is what the pilot forly had to read to find out his altitude three pointers the long one for hundreds of feet the broad one for thousands of feet the small one for 10 thousands of feet at the moment this one reads 1,500 ft in a power dive this is what the pilot sees on his altimeter can you read it working under Dr Walter F graer engineering psychologist at rright Patterson Air Force Base took the altimeter into the laboratory we'll start you off in level flight due south at 20,000 ft I'll call off course and altitude changes whenever the bell rings things you read your altitude are you ready Roger okay Bank to the right to 225° and then climb to 30,000 ft [Music] Roger 23,500 eror the psychologist knows the correct reading because he has arranged for the Bell to ring only at certain predetermined altitude 28,900 30,000 that will out then put it into a dive 20 26 no 22,000 18 no no it's a uh okay level out pretty tough isn't it engineering psychologists found that the average pilot took 7 Seconds to read all three pointers of the conventional altimeter in the laboratory in the air of course where the pilot usually knows his approximate altitude his reading is considerably faster in the labatory his readings also were frequently an arrow by a th000 ft or more and they were usually wrong in the dangerous direction that is the pilot thought he was higher than he actually was it looked as if we had the answer to many Mountain Top crashes and crashes short of the field our problem was clear to find a better way of displaying altitude information and as we studied the altitude display we found out more about what the pilot needs to know this counter for instance was easy to read with speed and accuracy it told the pilot exactly where he was but it didn't tell him where he'd been where he was going to be or how fast his altitude was changing the search continued in all nine altimeter displays were tested we want to try out this new tape type altimeter I'll start you out in level flight at 30,000 ft as soon as you're ready put the nose down and then level out at 10,000 ft when the bell rings call out your altitude Roger 28,000 265 20,900 15,000 10 Angels on the nose This Thing Really Works engineering psychologists found out which designs worked best for man design Engineers built it today the most modern Air Force planes are equipped with with a tape altimeter it is also available for commercial planes and private Pilots these studies solved some of the problems for our Pilots but other problems remain it is not only essential that the machines speak clearly to the man the man must speak just as clearly to the machine in Flight the right response is a matter of life and death here's a scene that has been repeated far too often when he touched the runway the pilot started to raise his flaps instead he raised his landing gear in certain types of aircraft this accident was tragically frequent who is to blame the man or the machine the answer again is the machine and here is the culprit identical control knobs placed side by side but controlling very different functions the pilot touching down at 100 m an hour doesn't have time to take his eyes off the Runway and yet where levers having the same shaped knob placed a few inches apart it's very easy for him to grasp the wrong one without visual cues what shapes can a man most easily distinguish by feel alone that was one of the next problems tackled by the engineering psychologist at rright Patterson uh we want to find out whether you can tell the difference among these knobs if you can't see them uh you can put your blindfold down now and we position your hand out here when I say go I want you to put your hand down on the knob that is positioned directly under it right and when I say stop I want you to take your hand up all right then after each pair I want you to tell me whether they were the same or down all right go stop go stop those with the same go stop go stop those were the same go stop go stop those were different as a result of our experiments we recommended that each control have a different knob shape easily identified by touch and here are some of the shapes that we recommended easily identified by feel without the necessity of using Vision when these shapes were introduced into airplanes many of the landing accidents were reduced these experiments which we have been describing were some of the early experiments done by the engineering psychology in the last 10 years machines have continued to grow more complicated and the work of the engineering psychologist more difficult helping man to stay ahead of the machine has become a big job let's suppose that a jet plane is coming in for a landing when the pilot makes a controlled movement there's a critical time lag before the aircraft responds if he waits for the response he'll be too late with his next control movement he has to be two or three movements ahead of the plane or else he's in trouble now how do we keep him out of trouble to give us the answer here is Dr Julian M Christensen of Wright Patterson Air Force Base first we have available a greatly expanded and improved engineering technology but in addition to that we have learned considerably more about man and his ability to handle these very difficult situations as an example of the type of research that engineering psychologists are doing to support this effort we'd like to have you see some work that Dr war is doing when the pilot makes a control movement in his airplane there's always a lag between his control motion and the response to the aircraft this means that the pilot must really be a few steps ahead of the aircraft or else he's in trouble now what we've done here is attempt to simulate a bomber in a landing operation that is these computers have in them some of the dynamic characteristics of a bomber under a landing condition this little dot right here represents your present altitude this Square represents what your altitude should be if you're going to make a safe landing I see I mov the dot into the square yes that's quite right but remember that little Dot's going to be moving up and down that's because your altitude naturally is changing during landing and furthermore of course you're going to be subjected to some turbulence so your task is to move that dot down to the square and keep it there ready okay fine [Applause] well how'd you find that pretty tough as you can see this is a very difficult task for our pilot to perform now if we let the computers take some of the burden from him and present only the information he needs in a slightly different form I think you can see that the the job will be much easier and as a result the man machine combination will be much more effective it's important to note that we haven't changed man in any respect we have only given him information that is more compatible this kind of work was started by Birmingham and Taylor at the naval research laboratory many years ago and what you are seeing here is based on their pioneering efforts okay now we're going to let the computer do a little bit of the work you see this horizontal bar of light here on the display that bar of light represents your predicted altitude over at the left hand edge of the bar of light is your present altitude at the right hand edge of the bar of light is your predicted altitude 10 seconds from now so if you make a mistake on the controls the computer will tell you about it immediately got the picture right good okay we'll try this now ready right go [Applause] that's much easier good we have seen the computer help one man solve one complex problem however in real life the situation is usually much more complicated there are many men and many machines dealing with complex inter relationships therefore the engineering psychologist has had to address himself to these types of situations as an example of work in this area we'd like to show you some research that's going on at the laboratory of Aviation psychology at the Ohio State University where they are dealing with problems related to the air traffic control situation I'm George Briggs and this is the radar control room of a simulated air traffic control system our skies the airspace above us are becoming more and more crowded every day and the man who attempts to control this traffic the air traffic controller has a difficult and at times nerve-wracking job to perform it's something like uh placing a policeman on the observation deck of the Empire State Building and asking him to direct automobile traffic down on Time Square in our laboratory we have students who instead of flying aircraft fly these consoles by inserting Corrections in the same way a pilot corrects his flight during an approach to the Airfield also as is the case in real life our laboratory air traffic controller can't see the planes he's talking to and what's worse the conventional radar display doesn't tell him which plane is which all he sees on the radar scope is a number of moving blips that is dashes of light and they are identical the radar display doesn't tell him the altitude of the planes either he has to remember that and he has to remember which flip stands for which plane when the traffic gets heavy he sometimes forgets first we studied the problems that arise in the use of conventional radar displays alpha 1 radar of trying to locate you execute a 360° turn to the right over alpha 1 to radar turning right to 360° a sharp course change will show up on the radar scope and the controller will be able then to locate the plane but sometimes this leads to even worse trouble Alpha One what is your altitude over alpha 1 to radar altitude 12,200 ft over Bravo four what is your altitude over Bravo four to control altitude 12,000 over Bravo four radar I have you in conflict with another aircraft descend to 10,000 ft descending to 10 Angels over alpha 1 I have you in conflict with another aircraft turn left 30° and hold your altitude over Alpha 1 to radar banking left over close calls and sometimes collisions occur because the air traffic controller can handle only a certain amount of information without further assistance from the radar scope this happens not only in the laboratory but in real life as well and there it costs us precious commodity human lives to get at the principles which operate in this kind of a man machine system we have placed our air traffic controller under extreme stress the two psychologists sitting on either side of the controller are going to measure his performance under an emergency condition which stretches his memory to the utmost we have overloaded the air traffic control system that is to say the skies are jammed with aircraft and now the radar scope is going dead attention all aircraft I have lost radar contact stand by till further advised Bravo 7 7 Delta 8 I do not have you on radar stand by till further advised orbit right until further advised under this kind of a stress we found that a trained controller could handle efficiently and safely approximately four aircraft simultaneously today in this kind of an emergency the controller at an airport would divert at least some of the aircraft to alternate Landing areas we set as our goal a technique which would shift the burden of memory from the man to the machine working under Dr Fitz the psychologist provided the engineers with several devices that would tell the controller which plane was which they were looking for some kind of a code or identifying Mark that would make each of the radar blips distinct and individual after several experiments they inserted a computer in the system as we have done now that would provide a code for each of the aircraft without the distinctive coding he sees this kind of radar display when the computer is added to the system he sees this every aircraft is identified by a code Mark which compares to the hands on a clock the shape is predetermined either by a computer or by information broadcast from the plane by radio now let us test the controller's emergency responses again attention aircraft I have experienced radar failures stand by till further advised Bravo 7 Bravo 7 Delta 8 I have lost three hour contact orbit right until further advised coding has been tested under all sorts of circumstances and there is no doubt that it contributes to air traffic control safety and efficiency we found that by changing the machine in this way the capacity of the controller was increased 100% that is he could now handle simultaneously eight aircraft rather than four the Air Force is beginning to use coding in their radar approach control centers and it will become available in the future at civilian airports as well of course coding doesn't solve all the problems in air traffic control at this moment engineers and Engineering psychologists are seeking more ingenious ways to adapt the mechanisms of a traffic control for an even more compatible relationship between man and machine a quarter of a million years separates this Axe and this radar system and the history of engineering psychology spans only the last half century young as it is this science has already affected our lives and will do so in many more ways all the way from automobiles to aircraft from kitchens to space capsules engineering psychology stands for man for the human scale in a world of complex man- machine relations and it's the hope of every engineering psychologist that his findings will contribute to the mainstream of psychology's efforts to help man understand himself and his [Music] world [Music] [Applause] [Music] a [Music] oh [Music] [Music] this is he so um now is the time uh after uh how many hours are we in 12 uh no 14 hours in oh I'm sorry 14 14 hours in uh so 2 hours and 40 minutes to go uh for the next 30 minutes uh we are going to do a project that we started in 1990 early ' 90s like 93 94 92 one or two yeah okay okay call 92 about the same time that uh I was uh beginning that we were beginning to collect films uh we started this project called repet ofile and uh it was the unnatural attraction to repetition uh we used turntables tape Loops um dictaphones uh skipping records uh Samplers a little bit of Samplers yeah and uh so we have Revisited it in the 21st century and um so this is repea [Laughter] enjoy Collective the collective capabilities of the human race the collective capabilities of the human race the collective capabilities of the human race the collective capabilities of the human race the collective capabilities of the human race the collective capabilities of the human race of the human the collective capabilities of the human race the colletive the collective capabilities the colletive collective capabilities human [Music] the collective capabilities of the human R of the human information information a machine the collective capabilities of human a machine information retion capabili of human a machine for handling information te a machine for for handling information for hand information a machine [Music] [Music] James for the weing on for the weend for the we Savings and Loan B [Music] theam this is an emergeny all departmental XY Furniture that's Mr arm the president he called the L of a $75,000 order this has been one of several large orders lost in the last few months according to Mr Johnson sales manager it was production's fault but according to the production manager Mr Smith Department on the ground and serve to reach and serve for reach and serve to reach and serve to reach and serve to reach and serve even even [Music] the other [Music] [Music] took 28 days and avable for today are elect signant the computer ability to carry out a long series of operations without human intervention vacation going away coming home a new Society people on the Move same same business vacation going away coming home a new Society people on the mo bu going away home new societ people [Music] on business vacation going away coming home Society people on the business vacation going away a new Society people on [Music] the business vacation going away coming home a new Society people on the Move business vacation going away coming home new Society r breaking Windows is stupid breaking Windows is stupid breaking Windows is stupid breaking Windows is stupid breaking Windows is stupid breaking window breing window breaking window breing window bre breaking window break window breaking window breaking window [Applause] [Music] fun is a state of fun is a state fun is a state of mind and really has nothing to do with fun is a state of mind and really has nothing to do fun is a state of mind and really has nothing to do with next I just had this rock in my hand I just had this rock in my hand I just had this rock in my hand I just had this rock in my hand I just had this rock in my hand I just had this rock in my hand I just had this rock in my handle I just had this rock in my hand I just had this rock in my hand gu I just had this rock in my hand oh I just gu I just had this rock in my hand iess I just had this rock in my hand I guess I just had this rock in my hand oh I guess I just had this Rock in my hand gu I just had this rock in my hand I just this rock in my hand just this rock guess I just had this rock in my hand guess I just had this rock in my hand oh I should have bro guess I just had this rock in my hand oh I just have throw it at come on I just had this rock in my hand I just had this rock in my hand I guess I just had this rock in my hand oh I just had a throat at I guess I just had this rock in my hand I guess I just had this rock in my hand oh I think it's really D to break things I think it's really done to break things I think it's really done to break things I think it's really done to break things I think it's really done to break things I think it's really done to break things I think it's really done to break things I think it's really done to break things I think it's really dumb to break things I think it's really dumb to break I think it's really I think it's really d bre I think it's I think it's I think it's I think it's break I think it's really I think it's really I think it's really dumb to break things I think it's really dumb to break things I think it's really I think it's really bre I think it's really bre I think it's really I think it's really I think it's really I think it's really I think it's really I think it's really I think it's really I think it's really I think it's I think it's I think it's I think it's but vandalism or its own doesn't make any sense Rand forecast TR individual that's vandalism for it own sake doesn't make any sense that's vandalism for its own sake that's vandalism for his own sake but vandalism for it [Music] own is it fun or is it done get erupted from the is it f or is it not is it f or is it done is it f or is it done is it f or is it fun or is it done is it fun or is it done is it fun is it f is it f is it is it f is it f is it f is it f is it f is it f is it is it f is it fun is it fun is it [Music] f your Daddy has them on his new car Nancy and he'll find that right up to the end of its long new useful life down under the [Music] ground here we are fly as high fly as through the fly as high fly us through the air fly as high fly us through the air fly as high fly as through the air fly as high fly as through the air I'll show you my home here and in our daily work giant lamps are the Sentinels guiding our take a good look however the 17th century the streets were still having to sit there gaping General lighting carries its own in [Music] between [Music] [Music] n [Music] n [Music] a [Music] [Music] pass back the passes back the thread passes back and back and the thread pass back and back and the bread passes back and back and the bread passes back and for the thread passes back and for rad passes back and forth frad passes back and forth back and forth frad passes back and forth back and forth the frad passes back and forth back you get yes or no if you guess what do you guess yes or [Music] no what do you guess yes or no if you guess the the what do you guess yes or no if you guess what do you guess yes or no [Music] you differ even exactly closely down down [Music] [Music] downti fing fing not MO [Music] not [Music] l in section L in section [Music] [Music] a com the violin they play in TW first and second the violin they play in two and violin they play in two groups first and the violin they play in two roomes first and second the violin they play in two rules first andin they play in two instrum Violin play in two the violin they play in two grou first and second the violin they play in two groups first and second the are a bit larger than violence they are deeper in t are a bit larger than viol so they are deeper in t are bit larger than also became also also became also became also became became heads also became head also also became heads also head anyway disappeared also anyway this instrument disa anyway this old instrument disaar anyway this old instrument has disappeared from po melody in the strings and fruit anyway this old instrument has disappeared forite anyway this old instrument has disappeared from anyway this old instrument has disappeared from anyway the instrument disappeared [Music] [Music] trumpets are the highest brass instrument trumpets are the highest brass instrument the trumpets are the highest grass instruments the trumpets are the highest grass instruments the trumpets are the highest grass instruments trumpets are the highest grass in trumpets are the highest grass in trumpets arees ofes ofes ofon ofle tones of tones ofle tones ofle tones ofical tones ofical tones ofical tones ofical tones ofical tones of now all together musical tones of now all together now all together now all together together together now all together now together together now all together all together all together together now all down all down now now together all together now all together all together all together now all together all together together here comes the brass Here Comes The Brass the vibrator goes into the mouth piece a big piece of piece of big piece of a big piece of big big a big piece ofic bie bie piece ofic B piece ofic ofie ofic big piece serious Young music something to play that might be fun inad of all serious give Young music something to play that might be fun in serious give Young music something to play that might be fun instead of all serious give Young music students something to play that might be fun instead of always that serious grind to give Young music students something to play that might be fun instead of always that serious grind Young music something to play that might be fun instead of always that serious grind to give Young music students something to play that might be fun instead of always that serious gr to give Young music to something to [Music] play [Music] [Music] la the a so that was incredibly cathartic for me um and uh Ian um I hope uh always yeah uh let me uh bring the webcam up Ian why don't you come up and say hi uh you might remember Ian from um the after dark oh yes u a Geeks screening where uh Ian made us uh very nice cocktails yes and um we got drunk it was good um no it was really great and Ian has been a longtime friend uh who was there for the very first acquisition of stuff before it was a Geeks uh he was there uh picking up films and we have gone on Many Adventures picking up films and uh so thank you it's it's been it's been great to see it uh grow into this really amazing thing so this giant monster of which has been driving you crazy all day yeah no it really has no yesterday was worse there was a lot I had technical problems all day and so Ian and I were setting up and I was on tech support with restream and I was furious and I was like not paying attention and we did like a tiny practice but it was so it felt so good so anyways there was my Indulgence uh for the evening um that's what tickles my brain when you watch this many films uh your brain starts going and so that's what that was um roughly two hours to go uh yeah you're right okay we're almost there um so you're welcome to stay we have lot plenty of snacks uh what was the film I was going to show I can't remember I think I can make it to the end all right sweet uh it was uh the rise of organized labor yeah let's pallet cleanser let's pallet cleanser all right oh that's rough [Music] enjoy some people think of organized labor in association with picketing dur during strikes and with violence to others it means Labor Management conflict Labor's idea about management Management's idea about Labor in fact organized labor is the collective voice with which 18 million union members speak 1/4 of the total working population of our country what were the historic conditions that led to the rise of organized labor before the Industrial Revolution the employer and worker knew each other personally in the small workshops but with the introduction of machines in the factories as not every man can own a machine those who do not own machines have to work for those who do but this means in effect that the machine has created new social groupings among others the industrialist and the worker under the factory system the worker was considered Expendable he had no right rights accept the right to work until his health gave out his wages were miserably low his hours destructively long from sun up to sundown 6 days a week in the early 1800s he had little energy left for his family life the hiring of women in the factories who were driven to work even longer hours for lower wages further threatened the working man's livelihood and the children in 1900 it was common to find children children working in the mines the Farms the factories and the canaries 6-year-olds were canning vegetables until 2:00 in the morning perpetually hungry their wages barely enough to keep them alive the working conditions in America throughout the 19th century were incredible many factories were dark filthy and unhygienic machines often death traps without safety devices and these things happened not primarily from the greed and cruelty of the employer but because he had to meet increasing compet ition because it was a period of transition into a machine age as more workers became absorbed into the factory system the conflict sharpened between employer and wage earner workers began to act together against the industrialist for self- protection and even survival the individual worker discovered that only through joining unions could he gain power and dignity workers realize gradually that in Union there is strength in Union there is achievement in the form of better wages shorter hours better working conditions and job security in Union there is the equalization in bargaining power between industrialists and [Music] worker the worker wanted the right to face the industrialist not as a benevolent father but as an equal the struggle of the workers to achieve these rights through Union began in colonial days in 1786 one of the earliest strikes of workers in a single trade occurred in Philadelphia the printers struck and gained a minimum wage of $6 a week by the 1790s the shoemakers had formed their craft Union but these early unions were very unpopular the courts were unsympathetic ruling them to be secret and illegal conspiracies for example the journeyman boot makers were indicted and brought to trial for trying to raise their wages they were found guilty it was not until 1842 that Justice Samuel Shaw of Massachusetts ruled that labor unions were legal organizations and not conspiracies but this applied only to Massachusetts other American courts continueed to follow English law by treating unions as conspiracies in Restraint of trade they reasoned that when workers formed a union to raise wages they were conspiring to injure the public by forcing employers to do something against their will the first successful National Labor Union was formed formed in 1869 it was the Knights of Labor and was founded by UAH Stevens and led by Terrence powderly by 1886 when the Knights of Labor moved into its new headquarters it had 700,000 members in scores of Trades headed by powderly and a National Committee it welcomed to its ranks all persons from all branches of honorable toil provided they were over 16 excluding only sellers of liquor professional gamblers bankers stock Brokers lawyers and doctors but the broadness of its membership was its ultimate weakness powderly and the kns of Labor could not represent so many groups with such opposing interests it became involved in more strikes than it could effectively handle and it soon disintegrated under the pressures of its own internal conflicts in the 1880s as the nights of labor was declining in power the American Federation of Labor the AF ofl was being formed in 1886 Samuel G gers became its first president it was a loose-knit organization made up of independent unions gumpers were shrewed enough to learn from the mistakes of the past he realized that one of two roads was open to American labor the first way followed by some radical labor leaders was to try to disrupt and destroy the capitalist system by violence because it seemed responsible for so many inequality this was the philosophy of the German Economist Carl Marx they believed that capitalism was ethically unjust and economic they concentrated so much on their desire to overthrow the system that they had little energy left for improving the workers lives some even believed that the more miserable the lot of the worker the sooner he would Revolt the second way followed by gers and the majority of labor was to accept capitalism but to try to improve working conditions the AF ofl was devoted to pure and simple unionism which meant no revolutionary change instead the AF ofl concerned itself with its members wages and working conditions they placed great stress on organizing the skilled Craftsmen the most important workers at this time and grew rapidly in strength the main fight of the AF ofl was to gain the right of the Union to bargain for its individual members with management at this time social reform groups seeking social justice became interested in Labor's problems and they urged government intervention to improve the lot of The Working Man by the turn of the 20th century the public had to be educated to the idea that unions were not contrary to the American Spirit of rugged individualism but a necessary and integral part of democratic capitalism and management had yet to learn that unions were not depriving them of their right of free enterprise but rather were a part of that very way of life that made free enterprise possible at first management used every means in its power to destroy the unity and strength of Labor lockouts deprived men of their Right to Work black lists discriminated against labor unions are those who voice their opinions spies to farad out the non-conformists strong our men to beat them back into [Music] line management fought legal battles in the courts having some unions find the leaders imprisoned labor fought [Music] back then in 1914 the Clayton Antitrust Act gave labor one of its greatest victories Congress declared that human labor is not a commodity or article of Commerce and that organized labor is a legal American institution the 1930s marked another turning point in American labor history the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt recognized Labor's important position and Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 called the Magna Carta of Labor this act guaranteed Labor's right to organize and to choose by secret ballot which Union would bargain for them Labor's rights were to be elaborately guarded by the National Labor Relations Board the stage was set for organized Labor's phenomenal growth but the craft Union's major groups in the AF ofl were exclusive for the skilled workers they were not open to those thousands of unskilled and semiskilled in the expanding Automotive steel Rubber and other heavy Industries these men posed an acute problem for the AF ofl in the 1930s millions of workers were looking for Union representation bitter dissension arose as to how to organize these men many AF ofl members feared that by opening their own ranks to thousands of unskilled workers like these they might lose their own jobs this difference of opinion led to a split by 1938 the Congress of industrial organizations known as the CIO was formed under the leadership of John El Lewis of the United Mine Workers and Sydney Hillman of The Amalgamated clothing workers for the next 20 years the CIO fought its battles independently but this is a century of mergers business was now consolidating labor likewise with the emergence of new leaders such as George meany former president of the AF ofl here on the left and Walter Ruther former president of the CIO on the right the AF ofl and CIO combined in 1955 to form the greatest labor organization in American history the AFL CIO but this merger has not eliminated all of Labor's problems it has two internal enemies racketeers and Communists today Communists are puppets of Soviet policy they publish books and pamphlets which follow the Soviet line a major goal of the Communist party has been to infiltrate and control the American labor movement they have not been successful although they did manage to control a small number of unions Labor's second enemy is racketeering originally to intimidate labor some cruel and short-sighted managements hired strong arm men to beat up labor leaders and break strikes labor equally shortsighted but with some justification felt that to survive it must meet force with force it employed thugs of its own later some gangsters became union leaders who could be bought off for a price many employers tolerated and collaborated with the reters finding it less costly to pay off the racketeer than to bargain legitimately with an honest Union from time to time congressional committees such as the this Senate select subcommittee on improper activities in labor or management have investigated these abuses here's the committee's attorney questioning Teamster Union Leader Jim Hofer about his gangster associations did you have a talk with him at that time yes about what I think General conversation what about I just don't recollect I don't recollect I'll tell you why I was in the New York to appear in front of the grand jury a lot of things on my mind since then I've had a lot of things on my mind I don't recollect what I talked about to I don't think it was of importance what hotel was it I can't tell you something did he go up in the elevator with you I don't know well do you know if he went to your room I can't answer that I don't know can't remember back now this is 3 months you can't remember 3 months ago whether Johnny de was in your room man was under indictment for throwing acid in Victor ral's eyes I cannot remember whether he was or not as I said it was that period of time and I just don't recall you can't remember what you talked about and you can't remember what whether he was in room would have been anything of any importance Mr Kennedy and I can't recall it and so it went on it may appear strange that a union membership will reelect a man accused of racketeering unfortunately if he's fought a strong fight for some improvements and his Union has shared in the general gains achieved by the whole force of organized labor his own police record may be overlooked this was so with Union boss Hofer the place then of organized labor within our economic system should be evaluated within the perspective of History A labor leader or a union charged with corruption does not mean that organized labor is evil just as a ruthless industrialist does not make capitalism a heartless system today responsible labor leaders are keenly aware that labor must clean its own house labor sense of responsibility is growing to match the power it is gained through collective bargaining Labor's record of achievements is impressive it can take credit for helping to establish our free public school system better working conditions fairer wages and a working week reduced from 80 to 40 hours fringe benefits such as paid vacations pensions and insurance supported by management Union bank and credit facilities research departments that study business Trends Technical and trade schools Union operated summer Resorts Union medical centers and Cooperative medical programs and Union finance department houses today unions themselves have become big business they've accumulated millions of dollars in their health Health welfare and retirement funds and they've invested enormous funds in the stocks and bonds of American Business the rise of organized labor is as important as the rise of the great Corporation each represents different sides of the coin that we call Democratic capitalism and each has a stake in our system we still have strikes but violence and labor disputes is becoming increasingly rare contracts are usually Faithfully kept by both sides and in case of disputes there's a growing acceptance of mediation or arbitration in which an impartial umpire helps settle the issues today organized labor is a major political and economic force in our country from the time of Samuel gumpers American labor has not favored the formation of its own National political party it does however support Democrat and Republican candidates who show friendship to its aims and opposes others it considers anti-labor with power comes responsibility how does labor feel about its present and future role in American society here is George F Mei president of the AFL CIO to tell us in the future as in the past the American labor movement is to promote both the best interests of its members and of our country we intend to improve workers living conditions the welfare of workers families and the general public welfare both through collective bargaining and legislation to do that we must have a clean and Democratic movement and the AFL CIO has proven its determination to live up to that standard we will not Advocate or support policies which Aid workers at the expense of the general public for we believe that no group in our land should Prosper through policies which inure others our goals however are not just economic we want to improve educational opportunities in our land eliminate poverty suffering and unemployment achieve better housing and medical care for all people eliminate discrimination provide for our older workers in their Twilight years promote cultural standards provide for the new Leisure which is certain to come with Automation in brief we want to make our land even greater and stronger and better than ever the American people and its government will be watching to see if organized labor uses its great power in the best interests of both its members and the general public what happens is important to us [Music] all B A wow and flutter in there that was not um uh hangover from the rep pedophile screening um but you know regardless tell us how you feel about unions in organized Labor uh I have to agree with the commenter who said that uh John Lewis had some serious eyebrows that man had like giant woolly worm caterpillars across his his head that was pretty amazing um I don't know if people have those nowadays in uh professional things if they get them like manscaped out but that that was pretty awesome um all right let's go to the Spanish Pyrenees are you ready come on board enjoy and on the way back from our first Excursion we decided to spend the night in the Spanish state tourist Inn at oresa where the most exacting Mountaineer and tourist can find every Comfort I'd been there only a few months previously and the manager remembered me but I was hardly able to speak to him carero wanted to be shown the route I'd followed in the summer we were in the ordesa national park and farther to the east lay the national park of San Maro Lo enantat the Aran Valley the aneto and Monte pero walking had made us hungry and we decided to restore our energies while we talked about our plans where would we make for on our next trip doal Deo laa or gory we had plenty of time to think it over and carero again insisted on hearing about the last trip I didn't want to go into details but in the end I gave in and so I had to tell the story of my camping in the Pyrenees a [Music] once again I found myself beside the lake in the National Park of San Mao one of the most attractive places in the catalonian Pyrenees I felt jealous for every Mountaineer feels that the hidden places he has discovered belong to him alone and today it's easy to travel along mountain roads to the whole Zone included Between the Lakes of Lera laa desan niola and the river paga these new routs give easy access to a region which could formerly be reached only after days of hard walking the beauty of the view has changed since I first knew it the level of the lake has risen flooding the wood and the increased expanse of water lightly stirred by the breeze is impressive for its tranquility memories of Green Meadows faded away as I looked down to see the Waters of the lake lapping the trunks of the last remaining pine trees along its [Music] Shore [Music] The Waters from The High Lakes pour into San Mao through the Falls of Lara this is one of the most attractive spots in the National [Music] [Applause] Park here the woods die out gradually while the rocks and Crags soar above [Music] them [Music] only following morning we traveled uphill for two long hours until we reached the heights of loen canat leaving the river monastero and the Pico de Soo behind us our dog met had to wait for us looking back at us in Surprise [Music] until real climbing began and the rough ground hurt mits PA and so we had to leave him behind so is not to waste time there's no real difficulty in climbing the GR in Kat by the usual route however I left nothing to [Music] chance on reaching the summit we got a wonderful Bird's eyee view over the greater part of the national park and a wide range of mountain [Music] [Music] PS [Music] [Music] a few days later we dropped down to the Aran Valley poos Salu and Via surrounded by pasture lands are a never to be forgotten [Music] sight on crossing the garona we became aware of something slipping from us the river flows over the border into France making its absence felt in the [Music] valley [Music] a the Traveler's eye roams over the peaceful and inviting Countryside where the Pyrenees have lost their [Music] wildness on leaving the valley on the way to the South slope we come across the town of baz an ancient Village which contains the most typical features of high [Music] Aragon amid its busy streets there stands the Palace of the count of ragora evocative of memories of noble achievements [Music] while we replenished our store of Provisions I spoke with an old guy we were going to the most difficult part and we needed someone who knew the lay of the land well but this one was busy so he arranged for another guide to go with us the next day we wanted to admire the landscape and so I hired a horse which made a pleasant walk of what would otherwise have been a long and very weary Journey met enjoyed himself as much as we did his twitching ears and nose were proof that age-old instincts were [Music] Awakening [Music] we arrived at Lena the best situated mountain hut in the area to find abadas whom his friends affectionately call The Lion of ano awaiting us in an hour and a half a shortcut which at times lost itself among patches of snow and rocks brought us to the foron in peror and from there we caught sight of the giant of the Pyrenees the weather was in our favor and the hanging Glacier of the aneto typical of the Pyrenees because of its structure stretched out before us like a great snow field its crevices hidden despite the advancing summer we had to take advantage of the circumstances and attacked the peak without a rest since the greatest danger lies in sudden storms behind the glacier the pass of momet and once the crest was surmounted we were on the way to the summit at last we reached the top 3,34 m above sea level the highest point in the pyramides this was a rich reward which probably could only be truly appreciated by the Mountaineer the landscape the matchless [Music] quiet there in the distance lay Monte perido our next objective after some days traveling and a night at the gorth mountain Refuge we began the [Music] climb in the pocket formed by lindro and elido in the matis de sores we caught sight of the frozen lake amid the rugged landscape we were to witness the most moving of religious [Music] ceremonies [Music] after that pause which gave our hearts time to rest we set out again for the region of the Peaks wrapped in a mysterious [Music] shroud the ascent of Monte parido was the last of our cims [Music] Below in the cliff the oresa national park in the quiet of its Peaceful Valley a spot of paradise of which God did not wish to deprive [Music] us for some hours our downward path lay along the damp Mountain slopes where Nature has laid out a soft springy [Music] carpet the cola de cabio is the highest waterfall of the arthas it's situated in the FCO de a horseshoe like Mountain formation which is characteristic of the [Music] pyrames the Gradens of saso slope down to the valley in a sequence of huge steps like polished glass [Music] the river flows into the wood joyfully and then more peaceful it slips between medows and bushes hidden by sloping Mountain sides and high rocks which seem to fall apart encircling one of the most beautiful of all mountain regions which all who know the Pyrenees consider unique [Music] [Music] e [Music] e [Music] by a steep Wooded Path we approached one of the Bluffs of the F de in the background was the FCO Deo where we had crossed the barrier giving access to the bre Deon and the de gavar a few days before [Music] [Applause] [Music] a [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] another of the features of ordesa is its Alpine Flora the Adel vites dear to Mountaineers the world over abounds all around the F de [Music] it was our last night in the mountains and we gave ourselves up to the magic influence of that unique source of hypnotic attraction the Pyrenees [Music] uh there it is there's the countdown a minute I'm sorry an hour 23 minutes 33 seconds 32 seconds um until we're done until we've done a thousand minutes oh my god um that was actually uh quite entertaining uh very European uh that's for sure um but uh so I'm stretching out the time by showing longer films obviously but this is something that people have requested over the years uh this next film uh it is one of the Bell science series uh featuring uh Dr Richard Carlson and it is thread of life so this is a thing that was shown on television it's about DNA enjoy you serious is there no sound oh my god oh no one second hold on let's see if I got it let's see what's going on no oh crap all right ah there wasn't a way to really check that without uh all right hold on let's see what else we got um who's that 1 hour 21 minute film oh hold on I have another transfer of this film and this better have sound not like trouble of Archie all right let's try one more time here we go thre threat of Life take two the Bell Telephone system brings you another of its series of programs on science man's effort to understand nature's laws The Story You're are going to see and hear is about science it is also a story about you this man is a geneticist he is concerned with questions that have puzzled mankind for many ages how is the spark of Life passed on from father and mother to daughter and son how does heredity work exploring the tiny universe under the microscope he studies the wonderful way in which life is passed on from one living cell to the next B in these little units of which all living things are made lies hidden the secret which we may well call the thread of [Music] life [Music] we are about to unfold for you an adventure in the world of science a science that deals with the nature of living things our story is about you and me and why we are alike in some ways and yet why each person is different from every other there are billions of people over the face of the Earth of all sizes shapes dispositions let's look at a few examples nature arranges endless [Music] combinations [Music] how does nature endow us with so many different traits or characteristics well that's what our show is about through the magic of electronics we're inviting some of the audience to come along with us and join in Dr Baxter oh yes hello can I ask a question surely you see I'm left-handed yes sir and my dad's left-handed too so I must have inherited that from him huh very likely does your dad have blue eyes too well sure but well maybe you're a chip off the old block then because being left-handed and having blue eyes are both traits you could have inherited Dr Baxter oh yes hello you'll notice I have a white for loock and very fashionable but I've heard a lot of odd stories about what causes such things yes but most of them are only old wives tales the truth is it's just another inherited trait like this gentleman's High forward and heavy brows well here's what's been puzzling us our baby has red hair and both of us have brown hair no mystery parents can hand down a trait that's hidden in themselves in fact a trait like red hair can be hidden for many generations the story of how heredity has passed on from generation to generation is the same for all living things human beings animals plants even the lowliest creatures let's go to the microscope and look at one of Nature's simpler animals an amoeba an organism that has only one cell and like every living living thing this little cell is a sort of chemical machine carrying on the many intricate functions we call life one of the functions is to reproduce watch we can see it [Music] divide now there are two daughter cells the two new cells are just like the old one they inherited all the traits of the cell they came from and this same sort of process goes on in all living creatures I see now you've got two cells okay but what I'd like to know is where' the first cell come from in a way you're asking where life itself began we don't know that but the first cell you saw here came from some other cell all cells come from other cells that's how the chain of life has come down Through the Ages you started Life as a single cell that cell was a combination of an egg like this from your mother and a sperm cell from your [Music] father you are seeing actual Motion Pictures of a human egg in the process of fertilization many sperm are trying to enter the egg only one and fertilize it when egg and sperm cells like these joined you came into existence when the fertilized egg is only hours old it begins to divide it divides over and over [Music] again the new cells begin to work in different ways some become muscles others make nerves here bone making cells skin cells blood cells trillions of cells an embryo takes shape then the greatest Miracle of all a baby and not just any baby but a baby of a particular kind a baby with almond shaped eyes or round eyes with brown skin or white skin all this begins with one tiny egg no bigger than the tiniest dot that you can make with a sharp pencil but can you predict what an egg is going to grow into can you tell by looking at it no you can't many egg cells look very much Alik look at this egg or this one or this one could you guess that one would become a baby one a rabbit one a lamb and when we analyze the cells of various living things and find that their chemical Machinery is about the same we begin to wonder what shapes the development of a living being all right a lot of cells look the same their chemical Machinery as you call it is about the same but still there must be some sort of a gimmick inside the cell that makes it work you're right scientists have been trying for a long time to find that gimmick but the first clue to the workings of heredity was uncovered in a way that might surprise you how is that by mathematics in one of the greatest achievements of the human mind The Story begins over a hundred years ago in a monastery in a corner of the old Austrian Empire there lived a monk named Gregor mendle a teacher a man of many talents driven by scientific curiosity he spent long busy hours working over a patch of peas in the monastery Garden he noted that some of the traits of the pea plants were clear and distinct some of the strains were always tall some were always short some had wrinkled peas some smooth peas some purple flowers some white and he set out to determine how these traits were passed on from one generation to the next he cross-pollinated large numbers of the plants and he kept careful records after 8 years of pain taking work he reported his findings to the scientific Society in the town of Brun and so gentlemen I crossed a pure strain of tall plants with pure short plants by putting some pollen from one strain onto the flower of the other you might suppose that their offspring would be mediumsized plants but not so the Next Generation were all tall plants and now when I cross these plants among themselves three four of the grandchildren came out tall and 1/4 came out short on an average tall plants outnumber the short by just about 3 to one how does this happen from tall and short parents all tall children and from tall children a mixture of grandchildren that are both short and tall this is my theory our original parents were pure strains so each child inherited a unit for tallness than a unit for shortness but they all grew tall that's because tallness is a strong or dominating trait I call it dominant while shortness is weaker or as I call it recessive now these child plants are not pure strains even though they are tall because each contains a unit for shortness which is hidden or blocked by the dominant unit for tallness but it is still there waiting so when these child plants are crossed with each other a grandchild plant has four equal chances it may get a tall unit from each parent and be a pure tall plant like the tall grandparent a short unit from each parent becoming a short plant like the short grandparent or a tall and a short and become tall or a short and a tall and become tall and thus an average of three plants will be tall for each one that is short tallness and shortness are due to hereditary units using thousands of plants I have studied six other traits for color of blossoms shape of PODS color and texture of peas and so on and these traits too are inherited as units units that are passed on from generation to generation and in every generation they are shuffled and reshuffled according to the laws of chance that I believe is what causes the puzzling mixture of traits in nature Gregor mendle died January 6th 1884 his work was unnoticed by the world but his careful study of nature had begun to explain one of her great Mysteries he proved the existence of something that could not be seen the invisible units of heredity the same units that govern your hair color or the shape of your face or make your eyes blue but what were these units how did they work these were problems other scientists had to work [Music] out in 1866 that Gregor mle's report to the scientific Society was published but years passed before the Scientific world was ready to see its value now these units the ones that mle discovered units of heredity he he proved they were there but where I thought we'd already found out in the cell that's right well could they be some kind of particles exactly my question that's also the question question biologists began to ask themselves and for the answer they looked deep into the unit of life with their microscopes inside the cell and probed into its inner core of the nucleus can you see inside a nucleus with a microscope yes it's not easy because ordinarily all you see of the nucleus is a fuzzy indistinct blob but when scientists stain the cells with a strong dye some parts begin to show up and we see strange Little Fibers call chromosomes there are chromosomes in the cells of every living organism they come in matched pairs in every cell of corn for example there are 10 pairs or 20 chromosomes the grasshopper 24 chromosomes and man 46 23 pairs well man has the most is that because man is the highest form of life no because a potato has 48 chromosomes some Goldfish have 94 one kind of crayfish has about 200 the number doesn't seem to be significant but what the chromosomes do is very significant suppose we look through a microscope at chromosomes in a live cell you're about to see some EXT ordinary Motion Picture scenes they were photographed by Dr an berer MRS berer and CCO Poland by coupling a motion picture camera with a microscope here you see several cells dividing and forming new cells in the act of growth a process called mitosis the cycle we are watching takes about half a day in nature but we are seeing it in speed up timelapse photography now let's look at a single cell as it divides watch the chromosomes closely each one will split into two identical new chromosomes the new chromosomes now separate into two clusters each becoming part of a newly formed nucleus a dividing wall will form and we will have two new cells each new cell has the same chromosomes as the old cell well that's very clear well sure and they pass them on from one cell to the next you might say and does that mean that heredity is carried by the chromosomes but you said those units were invisible we can see chromosomes right and what you are all asking are precisely some of the questions that occurred to scientists around the turn of the century about this time mle's forgotten report was discovered and brought to the attention of the world me meanwhile scientists looking in microscopes found that chromosomes followed the same rules of behavior as mle's units and the same idea occurred to several investigators at almost the same time the units of heredity are carried on the chromosomes this idea led the way to the birth of a whole new branch of science genetics all based on the invisible particles now called genes which are passed on from generation to generation first discovered by a patient dedicated scientist working alone in a monastery Garden Man without even a microscope that's another reminder that the most powerful instrument in the cause of science is the human mind all right let's back up a minute genes are on chromosomes yes but you can't see them the fact is scientists are still still not quite sure what to look for but they're getting closer they're beginning to find more and more of how the genes work if scientists couldn't see the genes how could they be so sure they were on the chromosomes well let's ask this scientist we have several ways of knowing Dr bter one way is by means of experiments on dropa a harmless little insect commonly known as the fruit fly human chromosomes are too small and too numerous to be examined in detail but the chromosomes found of all places in the salivary gland of a fruit fly are huge as if tailor made for a scientific study by experiment we can prove that the units or the genes are actually lined up in single file along the chromosomes and we're able to locate the exact position of hundreds of genes now this black band for example is the location of a gene that's responsible for eye pigment how do we know this for sure because in fruit flies where this segment is missing the eyes have no a pigment and appear white down here we know is a gene necessary for normal Wings here for body color and so on on this particular chromosome we know the location of more than 100 genes the lineup of genes on the chromosomes of the fruit fly is as clear to the geneticist as towns on a railroad line in fact he calls his diagrams of them chromosome maps maps like these were constructed on a theoretical basis as long ago as 1916 by the brilliant Insight of the geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students we don't have a map of the human chromosomes yet but we know the genes are there we know that they determine what our cells will do and what we will be like and do I have the same genes in every cell in practically every cell in your body but what's the use of having a blue ey Jee in my big toe nobody knows and wooden scientists like to think up an experiment that would answer that question well then where do I get my jeans in the first place from your father and mother of course the idea is this your heredity comes to you in two bundles the sperm cell from your father with its 23 chromosomes and the egg from your mother with another 23 but I thought you just told us that a human cell has 46 Chrome cells that's right with the one exception of egg and sperm cells you see Nature's arithmetic has to come out right so you get 23 chromosomes from your mother and 23 from your father each parent contributes only half and in this way you get the normal number of 46 chromosomes in the fertilized egg from which you grow does that mean I have just part of my father's jeans that's right only half and half of your mothers well what decides which ones I get the rule for human beings is just the same as menal found with peas chance pure chant you see the egg in the sperm are formed in a different way from all the other cells of your body and the way they are made is one of the most beautiful and ingenious of all Nature's processes they are formed by special germ cells each with a normal number of 46 chromosomes let's look at just one half of the picture The Father's Side this cell is is going to divide in order to form sperm cells it has the normal number of 46 chromosomes 23 from the man's mother 23 from his father but it doesn't divide the way other cells do this cell follows a different process called meiosis first the chromosomes match up in pairs the pairs move around in the cell then each chromosomes splits in two each side carrying only one half the genes and as though at a signal all the chromosomes draw apart into two equal groups on either side of the cell then the whole cell divides and subdivides into four sperm cells each carrying with it 23 chromosomes and 1/2 of the original genes which combination of chromosomes goes into which sperm cell cell is a matter of chance a similar process goes on in the forming of the egg cell and the coming together of these two chance combinations starts that unique and wonderful creation we call a human being then you really can't predict how things will come out no more than you can forell the toss of a coin both are governed by that complexity of unknown causes which we call chance and just as a little demonstration let me show you the mathematical chances involved in your heredity some of you may not realize the number of combinations that are possible with 46 chips now here are 23 representing mother's chromosomes 23 for fathers and each chip has two sides of course because the chromosomes of both parents come in pairs now we put them together [Applause] and throw them out do you know what the chances are that this very same combination of 46 sides will turn up again well the odds against it are 70 million million to one that means the chances of you're being exactly like your brother or sister are less than one in 70 million million this is many times the total number of people who ever lived so the chances of two persons happening to be just alike are slim indeed but I know two sisters who are as alike as two in a pod oh of course even if brothers and sisters heredities are not exactly alike they're bound to have many identical genes the more they happen to share the more clearly we see a family resemblance and in certain cases children have exactly the same heredity Gene for Gene these are identical twins identical twins begin life as one fertilized egg this egg divides it first in the normal way but early in its growth the embryo splits into two and of course in every cell of both embryos are the same chromosomes and the same genes that's why such twins are always the same sex and so astonishingly alike getting back to the average case though a lot of jeans come shuffling down through my family until they come together and bingo that's me but I don't see how they do it how can some little gizmos in the chromosomes stuck away in the nucleus of a cell how can they Cur your hair or make your ear stick out it's only in recent years that we've begun to find out how genes do their work and as research and experiments go on scientists are opening a new and fascinating chapter in the science of the genes genetics we know that the genes seem to be the blueprints for each cell designing and determining what it does we also know that each living cell is like a tiny chemical machine genes control the chemical reactions and in this way they affect all our body functions these functions often differ from one creature to another even from one person to the next according to the genes for example you might think that everything tastes the same to everybody that's not always true it depends on heredity take this family group we'll make a simple chemical test anybody can do these papers contain a harmless chemical we call PTC I want each of you to put a strip in his mouth now some of you will be able to taste it and others won't and if you can taste it it's going to taste bitter don't worry it's harmless the ability to taste PTC is a dominant inherited trait just like tallness and mle's pea plants let's consider the case of this baby who can't drink milk most babies of course thrive on a milk diet but this one has a peculiarity in his body chemistry his body can have handle one of the sugars found in milk a sugar called galactose medical records showed that the baby's ailment is inherited a matter of genes genes that control the way sugar is used in the body go ahead well question yes well that is is it jeans that tell whether a baby will be a boy or a girl yes they do a little while ago you remember we found that the genes are on the chromosom we also got the idea that all of our 46 chromosomes are in 23 matched pairs actually there's a very important exception in every male human being the 23rd pair of chromosomes is a mismatch one large partner and one short one we call them an X chromosome and a y in the cells of every female human being there are two X chromosomes and no y a fertilized egg that has two x's will grow into a girl one that has an X and A Y can only grow into a boy which parent determines which types the fertilized egg will have can't be the mother because she has no choice she can only contribute an ex chromosome but father in his cells has one of each an X and A Y and the sperm that fertilizes the egg can carry either an X or a y the chances are 50/50 if the father's sperm cell contains an X the baby will be a girl if a y a boy will be born father's chromosomes decide I suppose that's why fathers brag so much well fathers May brag but on the other hand and the Y seems to carry nothing much except the genes that determine male sex while the X chromosome carries a variety of genes this Arrangement leads to interesting consequences for instance women are a lot less apt to be colorblind than men yeah I've heard that's true and I've always wondered why well the gene for color blindness is a recessive that's carried on an X chromosome if a girl inherits this Gene she usually has a dominant normal gene on her other ex chromosome to suppress it so this girl would have normal color vision while if a boy inherits the same gene there's no dominant gene for normal color vision on the little y to suppress it and so he'll be color blind if you think about it you'll recall that nearly all the color blind blind people you've known have been men or boys now you know the reason and for this reason color blindness is called a sexlink trait say wouldn't baldness be a sexlink trait you might think so but it's not the baldness Gene is on a different pair of chromosomes but for some reason it produces its effect only in the presence of the male sex hormone when a woman carries the gene for baldness nothing happens when a man carries the gene then you get this eminently resplendant effect Dr Baxter hello this is your first appearance I believe a question young lady yes sir everything you've shown us and talked about is heredity isn't environment really more important of course environment is enormously important every Gardener knows that plants grow better when they're watered and tended mle's tall peas grew even taller when he planted them in good soil and your good health and your good looks are partly due to good genes but they're also due to good food and happy surroundings you're a product of both your heredity and your environment well then let me ask you this question can you inherit the effects of a good or a bad environment that question has been studied and discussed for a long time and the answer is no we can have our blood replaced by a transfusion of somebody else's blood or develop spectacular muscles by weightlifting but none of these changes can be passed on to our children well yes but heredity has to change has to well I mean well not in one generation but over the long haul a lot of genes must have changed otherwise people today would look like they did in the day days of the caveman yes genes do sometimes change heredity changes the changes are called mutations such changes down through the ages are the basis of evolution the camel that you see nowadays once look like this every now and then on rare occasions nature strikes a wrong key well now back up please nature strikes a wrong key every now and then about once in a 100, Generations or more a gene doesn't copy itself exactly pulls a boner and this is called a mutation yes and if this mistake occurs in a germ cell it can be inherited these mice are victims of gene mutations one dwarf one too fat one born hairless and one with skin skin like a rhinoceros and this poor creature because of a mutation affecting his nervous system is condemned to spend his whole life running in circles mutations like these are harmful of course but sometimes mutations show up in Pleasant or beneficial changes these stunning goldfish are descendants of mutated fish so were The Mink that produced this beautiful pastel coat we don't know yet precisely how a gene changes though we have some pretty good ideas but once a gene does change it can be passed on only in its new form it becomes a regular part of heredity from that time on plant breeders have taken a lot of practical advantage of Nature's mutations by discovering new strains and breeding them it's been possible to grow more and better food in many countries Farmers often lose crops of we wheat because of wheat rust breeders have discovered some strains that are resistant to rust and perpetuated them this crop is immune all over the world hybrid corn genetically bred has saved farmers and consumers millions of dollars greatly increased our supply of food [Music] the principles of genetics have also been put to work in breeding poultry for market and for egg production in breeding Hogs and beef cattle in growing oranges and grapefruit Lumber trees in Sweden and rice in Japan witness this most fabulous genetic creation a seedless watermelon developed by Dr hitoshi kahara and his associates in Japan looks mighty good Dr Baxter I can see how scientists do wonderful things with Nature's mutations but I was wondering do they know how to cause mutations yes they do and man-made mutations are one of the important scientific questions for the modern world scientists have found that mutations can be artificially induced in several ways back in 1926 working in his lab at the University of Texas Dr Herman J Mueller began some new experiments he set up an x-ray machine in his laboratory his purpose was to see if mutations could be caused by radiation he conducted his X-ray experiments on the fruit fly x-rays can produce some striking abnormalities among the descendants of irradiated fruit flies nearly wingless flies flies with extra Wings flies with curly Wings flies with black bodies white-eyed flies Mueller found that x-rays can also have a deadly effect when the x-rayed fruit flies a certain portion of their descendants died as embryos and the eggs never hatched again I suppose the mutation means that something happens in the cell have they found out what happens scientists who photographed IR radiated cells find that strange things happen this is a normal cell dividing the chromosomes split draw apart and two new cells are formed these are cells that have been irradiated they cannot divide normally some of the chromosomes are [Music] broken some are [Music] misshapen sometimes the chromosomes fail to split and the cell cannot [Music] reproduce but lighter doses of radiation may cause changes that can't be seen in the chromosomes apparently by producing changes in the genes themselves thus the descendants of irradiated germ cells give us albino corn distorted ears of corn and stunted plants but Dr Baxter are all the effects of radiation bad most of them are therefore we must be very careful when we use radiation but scientists are discovering ways to use artificial mutations for the good of mankind to cite one case irradiation was used during World War II to produce new strains of the mold which makes penicillin these artificially created strains increased production of penicillin several times over thousands of lives were saved radiation is sometimes used to check the abnormal cell division we know as cancer cancer cells multiply wildly in an abnormal way scientists are trying to find out what has gone [Music] wrong we know that all cells are more easily affected by radiation when they are dividing that is why cancer cells can sometimes be knocked out by x-ray [Music] treatments but to me the greatest service any science performs therefore its most practical aspect is what it adds to man's fund of knowledge the knowledge of ourselves and the world we live in one of the most exciting fields of science today is the continuing search to find and identify those invisible units of heredity that Mendel imagined 100 years ago you think they'll ever see what those units look like well they're getting warm and the road they're taking is leading them close to the secret of life itself the first big clue turned up in Switzerland the scientist Frederick Meer experimenting with Ry River salmon discovered unknown chemicals in the salmon sperm one of these chemicals was later found to be present in the chromosomes of all kinds of cells one called deoxy ribonucleic acid known by the letters [Music] [Applause] DNA could this complicated substance with the long name B mle's particle of heredity the gene itself it looks pretty much as if DNA is the material that carries our heredity and here is an experiment that show shows why we think so this demonstration is by Dr Harriet arusi Taylor about the smallest cells we know of are bacteria but they too have heredity we have discovered that some bacteria become resistant to drugs to antibiotics this resistance is hereditary in other words the bacteria have acquired a mutation for resistance this is how we can demonstrate what happens both of these plates contain an antibiotic that kills bacteria this dish has been spread with ordinary numus bacteria the kind that causes pneumonia none of the cells here have grown because the antibiotic has killed them the second dish has been spread with the same kind of bacteria except that this strain is resistant these cells are flourishing now we can extract the DNA from the resistant bacteria and we get these pure fibers of DNA here you can see the fibers more clearly we have put a little of this DNA into a tube now we add to it the bacteria which are not resistant and let them grow for a little while finally we spread the treated bacteria from the tube on a dish containing the antibiotic spelling out the letters d n a and leave it in a warm place for a day by the next day something surprising has happened the bacteria have multiplied their heredity has been changed some of the bacteria we treated have picked up the DNA and from it have gained the ability to resist the drug what is more they have passed the resistance along to their descendants unbelievable as it seems we can transfer heredity from one strain to another through the substance of DNA well gee what kind of stuff is DNA remember what we said about seeing a gene this is a most important photograph a closeup of the D na molecule magnified more than 100,000 times this molecule may be the gene itself looks like a tangle of thread yes and the way that molecule looks long and threadlike is a key part of our story using physical and chemical Clues scientists have been able to figure out how the DNA molecule looks in detail this concept one of the most brilliant theories of modern science was formulated by two young men an American JD Watson and an Englishman fhc [Music] cck this model represents only a short piece of a DNA molecule magnified many times its proportions are deceiving the DNA molecule is only 1 10 millionth of an inch in diameter but the DNA molecules in your body if laid end to end would reach to the Sun and far beyond the thread of Life notice the structure the pieces are linked together in two intertwined chains forming a framework like a long spiral staircase the steps of the staircase are of four different kinds one 2 3 4 we've made models in school those balls represent atoms don't they yes there are hundreds of thousands of atoms carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and phosphorus linked together in a fantastic array that spells the living Gene but can you say a bunch of atoms like that are alive can they grow no but put them all together into a DNA molecule and in this molecule you have an essential quality of living matter the ability to reproduce to make copies of itself and of all the molecules known to chemistry only DNA and its relatives have this ability the theory of Watson and Crick assumes that when a gene is ready to reproduce itself to divide as it must do if the chromosomes divide the whole DNA molecule comes apart in two pieces the twin chains that is made of unwinding like the strands of a rope floating around it in the cell are smaller molecules which make up a sort of spare part supply for DNA they are drawn by chemical forces to find open spots to join forming the steps of the staircase until each strand of DNA has made itself a new partner and now two double chains two identical molecules exist where only one existed before this is the theory of how heredity is passed on mind you this is just a theory but it makes sense many scientists are at work trying to see if it is really correct that's extremely interesting Dr Baxter but there's something I don't understand you said before G gen make us different yes and if all genes are made of DNA why aren't we all alike you've put your finger on an intriguing part of the puzzle if all DNA molecules are made up of the same Parts how can people differ the evidence is strong that the two interl spirals are the same in all creatures but the difference which makes you you and me me is to be found on the stair steps of the Spiral there are only four kinds of stair steps but the order in which they are arranged can be varied enormously from one DNA molecule to another so it may be the arrangement of the steps in this fantastic stairway that spells out the difference between you and me between a fish and a bird between a grasshopper and a redwood tree could the sequence of the stair steps be a kind of message to the cell a genetic code telling it what to do one combination might be part of the code for producing your curly hair another combination might decide that you'll be left-handed or that you'll inherit a white for loock the number of possible combinations is fantastic millions of such combinations working together could produce the countless complex traits that make up our [Music] inheritance the research on DNA is one of the great new challenges in science for the young scientists of the future there are many exciting questions ahead can we learn learn how to read the codes and DNA how the gene passes its orders along to the rest of the cell why certain genes work only at certain ages infancy childhood adulthood an old age astronomers tell us there may be millions of planets capable of supporting life is d a basic chemical of life on other planets as it is on Earth someday we may know the answers to these questions and when we do science always pushing forward will find new Mysteries to be solved for the physical nature of life around us and all its wonderful variety is a constant Marvel to mankind life reproducing itself in its own likeness provides endless challenges to human curiosity and the power of the human mind to observe to inquire to reason to imagine the existence of particles that are too small to see or things too great to measure that power of the mind is unlocking the deepest secrets of nature for the mind is the great lever of all things human thought is the process by which human ends are ultimately [Music] answered the Bell System is grateful to the many distinguished scientists who helped to prepare this story of genetics our thanks to the advisers who supplied and checked the scientific content Dr James F Crow Dr Norman H Horowitz and to the individuals and organizations Who provided special material our thanks to The Advisory Board which reviews the scientific aspects of these programs its members represent the broad range of modern Science Biology and genetics medicine bacteriology and botany chemistry geophysics physics anthropology electronics and Acoustics mathematics engineering to all these men the Bell System is indebted for their support of this Venture and public education through [Music] entertain [Music] all right um Dr Frank Baxter what was the the quote this imminently resplendant effect talking about his baldness um so Dr Frank Baxter uh is one of three men of science from around the same time that influenced many many people to become scientists uh these were three men that uh were on television Frank Baxter Don Herbert uh Mr Wizard uh and then also uh Dr irn Moon who was the Moody Institute of science person who had amazing beautiful uh science films uh none of those men were actually scientists at all uh they were all so Dr Irwin Moon had a uh a doctorate in religious studies and was a hobbyist scientist uh don Herbert was a TV guy TV engineer guy who uh kind of liked to to do programming for children about um science and Dr Frank Baxter had an English PhD uh and was uh known for he did a thing on public television in California uh where he uh talked about Shakespeare and had a very popular uh series uh on that uh public uh television where you know he just talked about Shakespearean plays and he they liked him so much that they used him for the Bell science series um so none of those those men who really I've talked to several scientists uh who were baby boomers who were influenced by all all these people and none of those people were scientists so there you go wow uh it is 27 minutes to go and then we will hit our 1,000 minute Mark um in case you're wondering what's going on uh we decided to celebrate our 1,000th uh streaming show which we had on Wednesday we decided to celebrate it by having a thousand minute show and show a bunch of films uh and what did we end up showing we ended up showing let's see [Music] uh I don't know what day it is what is it it's we ended up showing 50 films so far um so wow and we started at 9:00 this morning and uh have just been going and going and going um all right uh so it is officially Christmas Eve here on the East Coast so I'm going to show this very strange film called Santa Claus suit that features very strange clown uh not clowns puppets [Music] enjoy this story takes place in a country where nobody ever saw [Music] s dri are you in there boo oh so there you are you were supposed to help me put up the Christmas decorations where where have you been I've been mailing my letter to Santy Claus good what did you ask him for a sled no a kite no I don't want a kite besides I've already got one I didn't ask him for any toys at all I asked him for something something special what I asked him to come and visit me so I could see him you didn't I did too you couldn't have but I did but nobody has ever seen Santa Claus nobody in this whole country then how do you know there is one why why because that's why oh that's no reason it's reason enough for everybody else well it's not reason enough for me seeing is believing and if I can't see a thing I won't believe it not even Santa Claus especially Santa Claus if he doesn't come here to visit me in person I won't have anything to do with it or Christmas or anything but Stripes it isn't Christmas because you believe in Santa Claus it's Santa Claus because you believe in Christmas it's just that I don't want to see you disappointed don't you worry about me boy I will be disappointed they say if you're good Santa Claus will bring you what you ask for well I've been real good and all I'm asking for is a few minutes visit with him so I can see him but no one has ever that's why I want to then I'll have something for Christmas no one else has poor Stripes I'm afraid he's going to be awfully disappointed you said it yes he couldn't be satisfied with some toys no he's got to be different I feel just like I'm talking to myself you are here I'll move over so you can see me are you my other self yes isn't this better yes much better now what are we going to do for stripes when Santa Claus doesn't show up let's help Santa Claus out what do you mean you dress up like Santa Claus and Stripes will never know the difference oh I couldn't do that that would be cheating look you want Sprites to have what he wants don't you of course and he wants to see Santa for just a couple of minutes yes so let him what harm can it do you think it would be all right you'll be in and gone and he'll never suspect a thing but I haven't any Santa Claus suit make one um here's some red cloth and there are the [Laughter] whiskers and there's the [Music] coat that's a pretty good fit I still don't feel right about fooling Stripes don't be silly it's for a good cause how do I look you look like a mop and a bed spread here [Music] now let's Tera say something Merry Christmas oh my goodness that'll never do you know my voice huh in a minute so don't say anything nothing at all no um you've got cold maybe that's it we'll rub some cold Sev on your whiskers and he'll smell it and then no I don't want that smelly stuff on me I don't like but we want him to believe you I don't want you no [Music] pleas spots do you hear little slay bells oh my here he [Music] comes spot did you hear [Music] Santa Claus [Music] oh I knew you'd come I told spots you would has he seen you spot Santa Claus is here oh do come over here and sit down Santa can I get you something H uh some coffee maybe H um are are you warm enough have you had a nice Tre trip um it was wonderful of you to come Santa uh how long can you how long can you stay oh you're not going right now but it wasn't very much of a visit you don't say very much do you I thought you would at least wish me a Merry Christmas Merry Christmas Merry [Music] [Music] Christmas now strip now wait a minute strip listen to me it's just that you wanted to see Santa Claus and nobody in this whole country ever saw Santa Claus not really and I didn't want you to stop believing in him look I'll give you whatever Santa Claus brings me this year next year too stripes are you very mad at me go away I'm sorry St [Music] nothing but a suit nothing but an empty Santa Claus suit if I can't see it I won't have anything to do with [Music] it Stripes Stripes come on wake up Stripes what who are you nothing but a suit an empty Santa Claus [Music] suit hey you are empty what do you want I came to spend Christmas with you because you're going to be Mighty lonely lonely me you bet anyone would be lonely who only believed what he saw well let's go play with my electric train you can't why not what makes it can you see electricity no then you can't have any anything to do with it you said so yourself all right I'll go fly my kite wait a minute what makes a kite fly the wind and can you see the wind oh well I'll have some warm milk and go to bed hold up what now what warms milk the stove and I can see that oh no it's heat that warms milk and you can't see heat so gee you don't leave me much to do I might as well go back to bed good night sing my prayers to whom are you saying them uh you know who you say your prayers to can you see him no then you can't have anything to do with him either looks like the most important things are things we can't see now you've got the idea you won't be needing me anymore yeah spots who is it can I come in please please do I brought your suit back um that's all right you want to help me put up the Christmas decorations you're not mad at me of course not you're not mad at me of course it's [Music] not Merry Christmas D Merry Christmas [Music] but [Music] we wish you a happy Christmas with the perfect tree for Christmas a real oldfashioned Christmas with a beautiful tree the snow kissed Plantation grown Christmas tree is exclusive at CBL and 7eleven stores compare it with any other tree and you'll see a startling difference luxuriously full beautifully shaped these trees are carefully pruned and trimmed each year of their growth don't buy a tree until you've seen the world's most beautiful Christmas trees the snow kiss tree you'll find them at 711 or at T minute markets the perfect tree for Christmas at your Christmas tree store [Music] for [Music] oh [Applause] [Applause] is [Music] I [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] e oh oh oh oh a oh [Music] [Music] sh [Music] boy had to end on a uh yeah Ian you were like yeah you have to like end with something pretty pretty uh what' you say I can't even remember oh I needed a jump scaring it oh yeah but you were saying like well you know you're going to you have to end with something like big so yeah um so after we watched Santa Claus suit which is a whacked out uh puppet film about faith in Santa Claus um made by someone who also made another film called the toy maker uh features the same puppets um then we watched this thing that I made called creep and I made it a long time ago uh I think I did it the day after Thanksgiving I was bored and I took the Christmas uh the 7-Eleven Christmas tree ad uh and I took like a little 45 second snippet of it and I made it 12 minutes long and I slowed it way down and I used tools before like current tools make it easier to do that but what I did was is I actually if you you know something about video here we go we're going to geek out a little bit um some types of video like uh EG 2s EG 4S they have different types of frames they have I frames and B frames and if you remove the B frames then you get this kind of whacked out weird thing uh what we call the Predator effect and so like I took that and I extended it and then I had software that went in and interpolated so I don't know if you noticed like Santa's face was like melting and then like Rec compositing um so I reduced the frame rate and then I made it really big uh and then slowed down the soundtrack uh significantly then we ended with uh something I got from Craig Baldwin uh which he called Merry Christmas which I think was some uh footage that was shown in theaters that was supposed to be the theater staff um I don't know where he got it from but uh it was glorious glorious uh since it is now Christmas Eve um at least on the East Coast uh thank you everybody for uh tuning in uh let's see our main folks who watch the entire time uh let's see old radios zimman I don't know if did you make it the whole time we lost Rick k um it seems like some of you came back which is great um and thank you Stuart for uh some more money uh very much appreciate that but yes we did it I'm not going to do it again for a while I'm not when we hit 1200 I'm not going to do a 1200 minute show no that's not going to happen and uh I should say I am probably going to take next week off because I just did a 16- hour show show for Christ's sake so I'm not going to do any shows next week I'm I don't even think I'm going to pre-record something I might consider doing something for Christmas uh something Christmas related I don't know it might not uh but just let's just say I will see you again in 2024 uh because that was a lot of work I love doing it for you guys you guys made it very happy and fun um but going take a break all right uh hit the Thumbs Up Button hit the like button stay up with me 16 16 almost nearly 17 hours um yes I love you guys very much thank you for contributing uh what you did uh I wouldn't I wouldn't be doing any of this without you so thank you for all of that and thank you Ian uh Ian who is right there uh for sticking around so I wouldn't fall asleep or uh go crazy yeah run out of the house screaming um so thanks again and uh we'll see you in the new year love you guys bye